PhD Program in Space Life Science Functions of Nutrition in Space Scott M. Smith, Ph.D. Nutritionist Manager for Nutritional Biochemistry NASA Johnson.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Nutrients that prevent Cancer
Advertisements

Based in Nature – Backed by Science
Vitamin D A Superhero ? By Dr. Javier Cardenas, Hospitalist,
Foods that have powerful Health benefits! 1. Superfoods are Nutritional Powerhouse Foods Nutrient dense foods (low calorie, high nutrient). They are proven.
Nutrition.
Fitness Physical Activity, Nutrients, And Body Adaptations Kristen Kodeski, MS, RD.
Ch. 14: Nutrition Through the Life Span: Later Adulthood
Nutrition: An Applied Approach Janice Thompson Melinda Manore Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture.
Chapter 7: Nutrition for Life Unit 2: Health and Your Body Section 1: Carbs, Fats, and Proteins Section 2: Vitamins, Minerals, and water Section 3: Meeting.
Free radicals and antioxidants in health and disease
Myth As part of a healthy diet, people need to take dietary supplements. Fact A diet that contains a variety of healthful foods usually supplies all the.
Vegetarian Diets. Vegetarians do not eat meat Usually eat vegetables, fruit, nuts and grains Sometimes do not eat animal products, such as fish, eggs.
The role of Nutrition in addressing NHPA. NHPA The NHPA influenced by nutritional factors include: CVD Obesity Colorectal cancer Osteoporosis Diabetes.
 “the provision of the materials necessary (in the form of food) for an organism to support life (growth, maintenance, etc)  Therefore:  “good nutrition”
Benefits of Nutrition.
Chapter 7 Contents Section 1 Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins
Chapter 6 Nutrition and Weight Management. 3 Six Classes of Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water.
Stratford Chefs School Nutrition Course – Week 10.
Micronutrients.
Nutrients at Work for You
Nutrition and Exercise. Essential Nutrients Carbohydrates – Provide energy – Found in fruits, vegetables, grains, sugars, pasta Fats – Stored energy –
Vitamin D, Rickets and Osteoporosis
Lecture 6C- 15 FEB PROTEINS.
Copyright © 2011 American College of Sports Medicine Exercise and Sport Nutrition Chapter 6.
Nutrition Chapter 8.
Introduction to Nutrition. What is Nutrition? Study of how our bodies uses food. Nutrients are food that your body needs to function. Some nutrients can.
FAT WEIGHT COMPARED TO FAT FREE WEIGHT
Use of nutritional bio- measures in national dietary surveys Gillian Swan Food Composition and Diet Team Nutrition Branch.
Nutrition.  Nutrition is the science behind how your body uses the components of food to grow, maintain, and repair itself.  Nutrients are the chemical.
Nonvitamin, Nonmineral Dietary Supplementation in HIV-Positive People Nutrition in Clinical Practice 22: , December 2007 American Society for Parenteral.
Nutrition. Nutrition Nutrition is the study of what people eat and the effects of food on health. Calories: units of heat.
Foods that have powerful Health benefits! 1. Superfoods are Nutritional Powerhouse Foods Nutrient dense foods (low calorie, high nutrient). They are proven.
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 14 Diet during Young and Middle Adulthood.
What Is Nutrition? - Is defined as all body processes relating to food including: digestion, absorption, metabolism, circulation and Elimination -These.
Chanel Sargeant HASE 8 Block A CARBOHYDRATES Body’s main source of energy Fuels Muscles and brain Two different types of carbs: Simple, Complex Simple.
Enzyme Action Objective 1.Review what enzymes are and how they work. 2.Discuss the factors that affect enzyme action 3.Plan/Review an investigation that.
Vitamin D HW499 Jessica Houser Bachelor's Capstone in Health and Wellness Everything You Need To Know.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Nutrition for Life Contents Section 1 Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins.
 Give you energy  Build and repair body cells  Regulate body processes.
Presentors: Terry Chhour Noel Kwok. What is Nutrition? Nutrition is the study of food, their nutrients and their effects of health.
Chapter 13 Nutrition and Physical Activity. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exercise, Health and Fitness Fitness is defined as the ability to.
Bell work: Answer questions : 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, & On page
Chapter 1 What You Eat and Why? Lecture Outline Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Know the six basic nutrients and their functions.
Linking biochemistry and human metabolism
Basic Understanding of Nutrition Huba Nasir Rowan University Students.
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 34 Nutrition in Health and Disease.
ADOLESCENCE, ADULTHOOD AND LATER LIFE UNIT 3:NUTRITION THROUGH THE LIFESPAN.
Gestation (pregnancy) In week 5, increase the energy intake by 30 – 60%. Due to the increased size of the uterus, offer several meals per day. During the.
Nutrition. Dual role in aging Nutritional components are involved in physiological and anatomical changes that lead to destruction and cell regeneration.
Food Group Notes Coach Reyes. A food group is a category of foods that contain similar nutrients. There are six food groups as illustrated by the Food.
Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins Vitamins, Minerals, Water.
THE RELATIVE COMPARISON OF BODY FAT TO LEAN BODY MASS (MUSCLE, BONE, ORGANS). OR FAT WEIGHT COMPARED TO FAT FREE WEIGHT BODY WEIGHT = 200 LBS. %BODY FAT.
ISS: Nom Ops P.I. P.A. Whitson, Ph.D. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas E057: Renal Stone Risk During Space Flight: Assessment and Countermeasure Validation.
Six Essential Nutrients
Fitness Physical Activity, Nutrients, And Body Adaptations Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning.
Medical Biology Nutrition
Nutrition and Physical Activity
Nutrition Guidelines for Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Treatment:
Vitamin D, Rickets and Osteoporosis
Vitamin D, Rickets and Osteoporosis
Nutrition for Individual Needs
High Prevalence of Vitamin D Inadequacy and Implications for Health
The Dietary Guidelines
Chapter 13 BIOL 1400 Dr. Mohamad H. Termos
Nutrition for Individual Needs
High Prevalence of Vitamin D Inadequacy and Implications for Health
Lecture 11b-26 March 2018 This lecture is based largely on CHAPTER 23 IN KRAUSE'S FOOD NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY (ON RESERVE IN LIBRARY) AND CHAPTERS.
NUTRITION FUNCTION OF NUTRIENTS.
Presentation transcript:

PhD Program in Space Life Science Functions of Nutrition in Space Scott M. Smith, Ph.D. Nutritionist Manager for Nutritional Biochemistry NASA Johnson Space Center

PhD Program in Space Life Science Nutritional Biochemistry Lab – NASA/JSC  Charge: determine the nutritional requirements for extended duration space flight  Calorie requirements  Vitamin A, E, and D, Calcium, Iron, and Zinc Courtesy of NASA

PhD Program in Space Life Science Functions of Nutrition in Space  Meet energy / nutrient requirements  Psychosocial aspects of the food system  Nutrition as a countermeasure  Changes in the diet to mitigate negative effects of space flight  Importance of defining the nutritional requirements for crews before departure

PhD Program in Space Life Science Concerns: Nutrition in Space Flight  Nutrient Requirements  Energy  CHO (fiber), Fat, Protein  Fat-soluble vitamins  Water-soluble vitamins  Minerals, Fluid  Systems  Bone, Muscle, Cardio Fluid/Electrolyte  Immunology  Hematology, Neurology  Endocrine, Behavioral health & performance, Gastrointestinal  Countermeasures  Energy, Amino acids, Protein, Sodium  Fatty acids  Antioxidants, Vitamin D  Bisphosphonates, K-Citrate  Medications, Exercise  Other  Vehicle/Mission  Food System, Duration  Radiation, extra vehicular activity  Schedule

PhD Program in Space Life Science  Food intake is one of the primary challenges in space  Dietary intake across the space programs  Percent of World Health Organization predicted energy requirement  Crew members can meet their nutritional requirements through food while in space Energy Adapted from Smith, SM, 2005, 2008 Energy intake across different space programs

PhD Program in Space Life Science  Percent of body weight loss at the end of a mission  Effects of long duration flights:  Excess loss of 10% body mass  Other effects:  Fluid shift  Salt loading  Emesis Energy Each symbol is a difference crew member Adapted from Kloeris, LH, 2007

PhD Program in Space Life Science Question From the Audience Are these weights measured after attempts are made to restore plasma volume to normal levels?

PhD Program in Space Life Science  Percent of body weight loss at the end of a mission  Effects of long duration flights:  Excess loss of 10% body mass  Other effects:  Fluid shift  Salt loading  Emesis Energy Each symbol is a difference crew member Adapted from Kloeris, LH, 2007

PhD Program in Space Life Science  Likely consequences of poor food intake  Fair/poor function of cardiovascular system  Loss of muscle mass  Loss of bone mass  NTX (urinary N- telopeptide)  PICP (serum type I procollagen carboxy- terminal propeptide)  OC (plasma osteocalcin) Reproduced from J Bone Miner Res 2004;19: with permission of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Energy

PhD Program in Space Life Science Dietary intake record using Food Frequency Questionnaire Courtesy of NASA Food Frequency Questionnaire Energy: Case Study Adapted from Smith, SM, 2005

PhD Program in Space Life Science Consortium for Research in Elder Self-Neglect (SN) of Texas (CREST) Study  25 (OH) Vitamin D  Elderly individuals  Average age: 77 years  Consequences of poor Vitamin D intake below 25 nmol/L  Rickets, Osteomalacia  U.S. Astronauts  Pre and Post flight  4-6 months on board ISS  Increased incidence of disease between nmol/L Elderly Individuals Astronauts Adapted from Smith, SM, 2005, 2006

PhD Program in Space Life Science  Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is normalized when Vitamin D is above 80 nmol/L  The higher Vitamin D the lower the PTH levels Bone and Beyond Reproduced from New England Journal of Medicine. 338(12): , Copyright © Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.

PhD Program in Space Life Science Bone and Beyond  Vitamin D status has been related to:  Fracture risk and Bone Mineral Density  Muscle strength/function, falls  Cancer (prostate, breast, colon)  Multiple sclerosis  Blood pressure/heart disease  Diabetes (type 1)

PhD Program in Space Life Science Recommendations  Optimal Vitamin D status:  25D levels ≥ 80 nmol/L  Vitamin D sources:  Foods  Fortified milk, orange juice  Fish (e.g., salmon, tilapia, tuna)  Few other sources of Vitamin D  Sunlight  UV conversion of 7- dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3 in the skin  Supplements

PhD Program in Space Life Science Antarctica Courtesy of NASA Polar Vitamin D Study in Antarctica  Blind supplementation study  4 groups in the study - randomized:  400 IU Vit. D  1000 IU Vit. D  2000 IU Vit. D  Individuals who  did not take the supplements but provided samples or  took their own Vit. D supplements

PhD Program in Space Life Science Courtesy of NASA Credit:: NASA  Hyperresorptive bone loss  Running on the treadmill does nothing for bone health in space  Nutrition is a countermeasure against bone loss Bone Loss in Space

PhD Program in Space Life Science Nutrition and Bone  Dietary protein has a significant impact on bone health  Higher ratio of animal protein to potassium in the diet provide more acid precursors  An increased ratio leads to more bone breakdown  NTX (N-telopeptide)  APro/K (ratio of animal protein intake to potassium intake) Courtesy of NASA Adapted from Zwart, SR, 2004

PhD Program in Space Life Science Nutrition and Bone  Pilot Study: Antioxidant countermeasure to mitigate oxidative damage  Treatment: Grape juice, Vitamin E & 0.5 mg NAC every day for 2 weeks  N-acetylcysteine (NAC) contains cysteine, a sulfur containing amino acid  Metabolism increases acid load which affects bone  N-telopeptide (NTX) - marker of bone resorption  50% increased excretion in bed rest subjects, 100% increased excretion for astronauts  6 subjects – healthy astronauts  2 weeks placebo: no change in N-telopeptide  2 weeks: Grape juice, Vitamin E & 0.5 mg NAC/day  Increased excretion of bone markers identical to bed rest subjects

PhD Program in Space Life Science Nutrition and Bone Courtesy of NASA  Space flight diet is high in sodium  5-8 grams Na/day  C-telopeptide (CTX) – marker of bone breakdown  Low Na+ diet before and during bed rest  ~50% increase in CTX  High Na+ diet during bed rest  Na+ associated with pH  High Na+ load leads to acid that has negative effect on bone Unpublished data, graph not displayed

PhD Program in Space Life Science Nutrition and Bone  Vitamin K influence on bone  Related to synthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in proteins  Estimated by measuring Vit. K status - undercarboxylated osteocalcin (Uosteocalcin)  Vit. K = Uosteocalcin Courtesy of NASA Adapted from Vermeer, C, 2004

PhD Program in Space Life Science Nutrition and Bone  European Data on MIR  1 astronaut before and after flight  After 85 days Uosteocalcin goes up without supplementation of Vit. K  With Vit. K supplementation Uosteocalcin goes down.  Omega-3 fatty acids  Sources: spinach, salmon  Relationship between omega- 3’s and bone  Could mitigate cancer risk, muscle loss and bone loss Courtesy of NASA Adapted from Vermeer, C, 2004

PhD Program in Space Life Science Courtesy of NASA Credit: NASA  Iron storage increases during flight  Urinary 8-hydroxy guanosine  marker for oxidative damage to DNA  Increased after flight and NEEMO  Radiation/oxygen issues have implications for cataracts and other health issues. Iron and Oxygen Adapted from Smith, SM, 2004 Adapted from Smith, SM, 2001, 2004

PhD Program in Space Life Science Unpublished data not displayed Courtesy of NASA The more total body iron the more oxidative damage Iron and Oxidative Damage

PhD Program in Space Life Science Courtesy of NASA  Changes in iron metabolism during bed rest.  Transferrin receptors go down during bed rest suggesting excess iron  Total body iron vs. 8(OH)dG Unpublished data not displayed Bed Rest

PhD Program in Space Life Science NEEMO – oxidative damage Courtesy of NASA  NEEMO analogue  Hyperbaric environment  Total body iron increases  Malonaldehyde increases – marker of oxidative damage  Inverse relationship between total body iron and SOD – seen with iron overload  Iron excess is related to oxidative damage. Adapted from Zwart, SR, 2008

PhD Program in Space Life Science Courtesy of NASA Space Suit  Peggy Whitson - extra vehicular activity (EVA) suit  Provides thermal protection  Reduced pressure environment

PhD Program in Space Life Science Courtesy of NASA First Blood & Urine Samples on ISS  Vitamin D levels before & after flight  Flight day 15 to flight day 80 – levels hold  800 IU/day of Vitamin D is recommended Unpublished data not displayed

PhD Program in Space Life Science Courtesy of NASA Cape Canaveral – Kennedy Space Center