Basics of COMPUTER NETWORKS Chapter 4 Network Layer Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering Kurdistan University (

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Basics of COMPUTER NETWORKS Chapter 4 Network Layer Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering Kurdistan University (

سرفصل‌هاي درس فصل 1: مفاهيم اوليه فصل 2: لايه فيزيكي فصل 3: لايه پيوند داده فصل 4: لايه شبكه فصل 5: لايه انتقال فصل 6: لايه كاربرد فصل 7 :‌كابل كشي ساخت يافته

فصل 4: لايه شبكه مقدمه آدرس IP ترجمه آدرسهاي شبكه پروتكلهاي لايه شبكه مسيريابي الگوريتمهاي مسيريابي مسيريابي سلسله مراتبي

مقدمه واحد انتقالي در اين لايه : بسته ، بسته ها واحدهاي اطلاعاتي مستقل هستند كه با استفاده از يك سري اطلاعات اضافي ( Header ) مي‌توانند مسير خود را پيدا كنند. هر بسته ممكن است از مسير مستقلي عبور كند. وظايف آن : –داده را به مقصد نهايي برساند –آدرسدهي منطقي –مسيريابي (براي پيدا كردن بهترين مسير نياز به اگاهي از توپولوژي زيرشبكه ارتباطي دارد) –رفع مشكل شبكه هاي با پروتكلها و اندازه فريمهاي متعدد نيز بايد در اين لايه حل شود.

آدرس IP كلاسهاي آدرس IP (يكي از مشهورترين روشهاي آدرسدهي منطقي) –A – 0 تا 127 (شبكه هاي بزرگ) X.X.X.0 آدرس شبكه و X.X.X.255 همه پخشي –B – 128 تا 191 (شبكه هاي متوسط) X.X.0.0 آدرس شبكه و X.X همه پخشي –C – 192 تا 223 (شبكه هاي كوچك) X آدرس شبكه و X همه پخشي –D- 224 تا 239 (ارسال چندپخشي و ارسال چندرسانه اي و اهدافي خاص) –E – 240 تا 255 (استفاده نمي شود) –هر كدام از آين آدرسها به دو بخش تقسيم مي شوند: شناسه زيرشبكه و شناسه ميزبان مفهوم Mask يا پوشش شبكه : حاصل AND آدرس با ماسك برابر آدرس شبكه زير شبكه سازي : قرض گرفتن چند بيت از بيتهاي شناسه ميزبان؛ براي زيرشبكه بيتهاي آن بايت 1 شوند تا بتوان عضويت آن را به يك زيرشبكه تشخيص داد. مفهوم IP بدون كلاس و CIDR

Classful Addresses netid hostid 7 bits24 bits 14 bits 16 bits Class A Class B 126 networks with up to 16 million hosts 16,382 networks with up to 64,000 hosts to to netidhostid 22 bits 8 bits Class C 0 2 million networks with up to 254 hosts to

Up to 250 million multicast groups at the same time Permanent group addresses –All systems in LAN; All routers in LAN; –All OSPF routers on LAN; All designated OSPF routers on a LAN, etc. Temporary groups addresses created as needed Special multicast routers 1 1 multicast address 28 bits 1 0 Class D to

Reserved Host IDs (all 0s & 1s) Broadcast address has hostid set to all 1s this host (used when booting up) host a host in this network broadcast on local network netid broadcast on distant network Internet address used to refer to network has hostid set to all 0s

Private IP Addresses Specific ranges of IP addresses set aside for use in private networks (RFC 1918) Use restricted to private internets; routers in public Internet discard packets with these addresses Range 1: to Range 2: to Range 3: to Network Address Translation (NAT) used to convert between private & global IP addresses

Example of IP Addressing R Network Network H H H H H R = router H = host Interface Address is Interface Address is Address with host ID=all 0s refers to the network Address with host ID=all 1s refers to a broadcast packet

Subnet Addressing Subnet addressing introduces another hierarchical level Transparent to remote networks Simplifies management of multiplicity of LANs Masking used to find subnet number

Subnetting Example Organization has Class B address (16 host ID bits) with network ID: Create subnets with up to 100 hosts each –7 bits sufficient for each subnet –16-7=9 bits for subnet ID Apply subnet mask to IP addresses to find corresponding subnet –Example: Find subnet for –IP add = –Mask = –AND = –Subnet = –Subnet address used by routers within organization

R1 H1H2 H3H4 R2H5 To the rest of the Internet Subnet Example

ترجمه آدرسهاي شبكه(NAT) براي جبران كمبود آدرسهاي IP يكي از راه حلها اين بود كه بتوان براي تعداد زيادي كامپيوتر در داخل يك شبكه محلي بتوان در دنياي اينترنت با چند آدرس قابل شناسايي باشند. آدرسهاي مورد استفاده براي شبكه هاي داخلي – تا – تا – تا به كمك شماره پورت و جدول NAT عمل تبديل بسته ها انجام مي شود. به هر كامپيوتر يك آدرس پورت نسبت مي دهد.

پروتكلهاي لايه شبكه پروتكل IP –بسته IP و فيلدهاي آن پروتكل ICMP پروتكل IGMP پروتكل ARP پروتكل IPV6 –فضاي آدرس بزرگتر –فرمت سرآيند بهتر –قابليت توسعه بهتر –پشتيباني تخصيص منابع –پشتيباني از امنيت بالاتر

IP Packet Header Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source IP Address Destination IP Address Options Padding Minimum 20 bytes Up to 40 bytes in options fields

IP Packet Header Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source IP Address Destination IP Address Options Padding Version: current IP version is 4. Internet header length (IHL): length of the header in 32-bit words. Type of service (TOS): traditionally priority of packet at each router. Recent Differentiated Services redefines TOS field to include other services besides best effort.

IP Packet Header Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source IP Address Destination IP Address Options Padding Total length: number of bytes of the IP packet including header and data, maximum length is bytes. Identification, Flags, and Fragment Offset: used for fragmentation and reassembly (More on this shortly).

IP Packet Header Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source IP Address Destination IP Address Options Padding Time to live (TTL): number of hops packet is allowed to traverse in the network. Each router along the path to the destination decrements this value by one. If the value reaches zero before the packet reaches the destination, the router discards the packet and sends an error message back to the source.

IP Packet Header Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source IP Address Destination IP Address Options Padding Protocol: specifies upper-layer protocol that is to receive IP data at the destination. Examples include TCP (protocol = 6), UDP (protocol = 17), and ICMP (protocol = 1). Header checksum: verifies the integrity of the IP header. Source IP address and destination IP address: contain the addresses of the source and destination hosts.

IP Packet Header Version IHL Type of Service Total Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source IP Address Destination IP Address Options Padding Options: Variable length field, allows packet to request special features such as security level, route to be taken by the packet, and timestamp at each router. Detailed descriptions of these options can be found in [RFC 791]. Padding: This field is used to make the header a multiple of 32-bit words.

پروتكلهاي لايه شبكه پروتكل ICMP –براي گزارش دادن خطاها و پيامهاي مربوط به تحويل بسته هاي IP –خطاها مقصد غيرقابل دسترس تغيير دادن مسير آرام سازي منبع به سر رسيدن زمان –پيامهاي ارسال پرسش Echo Request Echo Reply

پروتكلهاي لايه شبكه پروتكل IGMP –مديريت ليست اعضا و گروههاي براي ارسال چند پخشي در يك شبكه مبتني بر TCP/IP

پروتكلهاي لايه شبكه پروتكل ARP –پروتكلي براي تبديل آدرس هاي IP به MAC

پروتكلهاي لايه شبكه پروتكل IPV6 –فضاي آدرس بزرگتر به جاي 32 بيت از 128 بيت (32 كلمه 4 بيتي ) استفاده مي كند و از 8 بخش تشكيل شده است. –فرمت سرآيند بهتر –قابليت توسعه بهتر –پشتيباني تخصيص منابع –پشتيباني از امنيت بالاتر

مسيريابي پيدا كردن بهترين مسير بر اساس معيارهاي تعداد گام – پهناي باند- تاخير – قابليت اطمينان و.... مي باشد.

مسيريابي پيدا كردن بهترين مسير بر اساس معيارهاي تعداد گام – پهناي باند- تاخير – قابليت اطمينان و.... مي باشد. ايستا : به صورت دستي و توسط مدير شبكه پويا: بر اساس توپولوژي شبكه و ميزان ترافيك لحظه هاي و به كمك الگوريتمهاي مسيريابي –متمركز (Link State): مانند دايكسترا –غير متمركز(بردار فاصله) : بلمن فورد

الگوريتمهاي مسيريابي الگوريتمهاي بردار فاصله الگوريتمهاي وضعيت حالت

الگوريتمهاي بردار فاصله

مشكلات اين روش شمارش تا بينهايت

الگوريتمهاي وضعيت حالت روش كار اين الگوريتمها –شناسايي مسيريابهاي همجوار –اندازه گيري تاخير لينكها –ساختن بسته هاي LSA (آدرس IP مسيرياب توليد كننده، شماره ترتيب، طول عمر بسته، آدرسهاي IP مسيريابهاي همجوار و تقريب هزينه) –ارسال بسته هاي LSA به مسيريابهاي همجوار –استفاده از الگوريتمي مناسب براي محاسبه كمترين هزينه

الگوريتمهاي وضعيت حالت

مسيريابي سلسله مراتبي مفهوم AS: به مجموعه مسيريابهاي تحت كنترل يك مديريت واحد يك سيستم خودمختار گفته مي شود.