Atom Efficiency in the Manufacture of Chemicals IndustryProduct tonnageKg by-products / Kg product Oil refining < 0.1 Bulk chemicals Fine chemicals Pharmaceuticals Most chemical reactions make more waste than product! … note the recent statement from the GSK CEO…we need more people willing to challenge the “accepted limits”

Pressures on the Chemical Industry Across the Lifecycle

4 Introduction What is Green Chemistry? Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances Discovery and application of new chemistry/technology leading to prevention/reduction of environmental, health and safety impacts at source Materials Energy Cost Non- renewables Risk & Hazard Waste

Green Chemistry is about turning a waste into a product and a cost into a profit

Waste is tomorrows resource We have converted virgin resources to waste and we now need to encourage the greater use of chemically rich waste as a resource

Food supply chain residues sugars phenols collagen starch natural dyes chitosan cellulose pectin hemicellulose waxes films bio-adhesives hydrogels natural chelants bio-solvents chemical monomers nanocomposites bio-surfactants PVC replacements Liquid fuels cosmetic waxes solid fuels hydrophobes lignin

Research Industry collaboration Education, including development of teaching and promotional materials Networking with all chemical stakeholders Activity Areas The Centre’s Activities can be groups into 4 areas:

Natural Solvents Science Leader Dr Andrew Hunt We are interested in supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide as an extraction, fractionation and reaction medium with projects covering areas such as the extraction of waxes from agricultural and food waste for personal care (and other) applications, and the synthesis of flavour and aroma molecules using in-situ biocatalysis. Funding comes from the University, METRC and industry. We have excellent supercritical fluid extraction facilities and access to scale-up facilities.

Inorganic Petroleum Biomass Conventional + Neoteric (e.g. Ionic Liquids) ‘Natural’ solvents CO 2 + Water Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethyl lactate Glycerol 2-MeTHF Solvents Greener Solvents

oCoC MPa Terpenoids Lipids Alkaloids Sterol monoglycosides Phenolics Polyphenols Carotenoids Lipids & Waxes Sterols Diterpenes Phospholipids Case Study 1 Extraction with Super-critical CO 2

Extractables…….… Extractables…….… Eco-waxes Wheat straw ScCO 2 extraction Wax products Cosmetic Products Lignocellulose - Strawboard - Garden Mulch - Pulp & Paper -Bioethanol -Electricity Health Products Semiochemicals Renewable resource+CO 2 extraction = EU “natural”

Renewable Materials Science Leader Dr Avtar Matharu For us this means the physical and chemical modification of natural abundant materials and especially polysaccharides. Projects include Starbons (new carbonaceous materials derived from starch), new “bio-boards” made entirely of green and sustainable components, novel switchable adhesives, new intumescent flame retardants, and PVC replacements. Funding comes from industry, EPSRC, DEFRA and TSB. The area is supported by state-of-the- art thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and extrusion equipment.

Recyclable Materials…… Switchable adhesives for carpet tiles (InterfaceFlor) Diverting millions of Kg pa from landfill

Clean Synthesis and Platform Molecules Science Leader Dr Simon Breeden Very much our root area with interests covering the use of solid catalysts and alternative solvents to “green” reactions. Recently we have become especially interested in doing clean synthesis starting from molecules and mixtures derived from biomass (eg using fermentation broths). We have funding in this area from industry, EPSRC, METRC, and GSK.

Microwave Chemistry Science Leader Dr Duncan MacQuarrie This brings together our long-standing interest in microwave-assisted chemistry with our more recent interest in the conversion of biomass (eg forestry and agricultural wastes, food waste, etc) to useful products. With substantial funding from ERDF, Carbon Trust, METRC and industry we are starting major new projects on fast pyrolysis for the production of liquid fuels, high calorific value chars and chemical intermediates. A major part of this is the design and build of new continuous microwave processors, with the final semi-scale prototype to be located outside the GCC.

Advantages of MW Heating Rapid internal heating Uniform heating Instant control Acceleration of reaction rate Selective interaction with active groups

Biomass Microwave processor Energy ExtractedoilExtractedoil Pyrolysis Oil CharChar Wide range of feedstock + = Wide range of products Flexibility of Microwave Parameters (time, temperature, power) Low temperature Microwave Processing of Biomass

30 Microwave Processing of Biomass Rape Seed Example 19

21 Biomass Pretreatment Supercritical CO 2 extraction Fermentation Microwave processing Ammonia fibre explosion StarbonisationStarbonisation Higher value products

Research Industry Networking Education Any questions?