Variable Speed Limits Speed Management Workshop Dallas, TX March 6, 2000 Davey Warren Office of Safety R&D Federal Highway Administration

This Presentation background objectives examples lessons learned foreign domestic lessons learned

Part-time Speed Limits Variable speed limits are not new. Over a half century ago on the Pennsylvania Turnpike, a revised speed limit of 35mi/h was superimposed on the usual 65 to mandate caution in inclement weather. Source: Smithsonian Vol. 21 No. 7The Pennsylvania Turnpike: a dream of a road. Reduced speed limits in school zones during certain times of the day are another form of variable speed limits. In some cases flashing lights are used to indicate when the lower limit and in other the time is specified on the sign. A similar type flashing sign has been used in work zones. These are what I refer to as poor boy variable speed limits. One issue affecting the credibility of these part-time limits is the duration the reduced speed limit is in force. In some zones the reduced speed is in effect the entire school day. In others for 45-60 minutes at the beginning and ending of the school day. Yet most of the activity takes place with a 15-20 minute window. 1950 2000

I will draw heavily from my experience with the development of a prototype variable speed limits system in the late 1980’s and tested on a section of I-40 in Albuquerque, NM

First variable speed system in US Michigan (1960) Lodge Freeway 21 speed signs over 3 mi 60-20 mi/h video surveillance gradually slow approaching backups

Variable Speed Limit Systems traffic and speed detectors environmental sensors variable message signs display safe speeds for different road conditions

Deviation from mean speed, mph Objectives 2 4 6 8 10 20 -10 -20 Relative Risk Deviation from mean speed, mph OVERTAKINGS ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT Increased compliance greater safety efficient use of highway facilities less burned justice system

European Examples Netherlands Germany Finland England

Germany fully automated rural autobahns variable speed signs 1 mi spacing 130-60 km/h per Road Traffic Code monitor traffic, speed, surface, wind, fog 20-30% reduction in accident rates

German Automated Speed Control Algorithm *Unrestricted at very light traffic flow

Finland 15 mi rural freeway 120-100-80 km/h variable speed signs 1 mi spacing both sides of road hazard warning monitor surface and weather conditions unmanned Over 60 variable speed signs ; fibre optic technology Highest limit when dry, lowest speed when snow and ice on road Visibility 100 km/h below 280m; 80 km/h below180m wind velocity 100 km/h @12 m/s 80 km/h@17m/s 95% of drivers endorsed the used of variable speed limits on average 80 percent thought that the prevailing speed limit was appropriate Speeds were about 2 mi/h slower and an extra 1 mi/h when the slippery road warning was displayed. There was a reduction in the standard deviation of speed However B/C less than 1 at current volume levels Issues- reliability of road surface information If drivers come to rely on variable signs to warn of danger, when signs are blank, driver assume there are no problems. If sign fails to operate, driver will proceed unaware of the danger. Need security plan to ensure operation

M25 Motorway (UK) automated 70-60-50 mph fog,, , Ø fibre optic technology “failsafe” The concept was to control traffic speeds in peak periods and thus smooth traffic flow. The goal was to reduce disruptive speed differentials and need for lane changing, reduce incidence of stop and go driving, reduce accidents and increase driver comfort. The speed limits were automatically controlled based on traffic flow and speed and automated enforced. If there is any fault in the system, even if it is not apparent to drivers, or there is any doubt about the speed limit set, then there will be no enforcement

M25 Enforcement System radar speed measurement automatic camera rear of gantries fixed signing police control (civilian staff) fine & penalty points Variable speed limit System consists of radar,flash, and 35mm wet film camera to record offending vehicles. (time, data, location, speed, speed limit and speed limit change) A removable memory card within the sign interface provides a record of the offence and operational data to assist in analysis. Cameras are mounted on back of signs gantries and over specific lanes. They may be moved between housings and run on dummy mode, with flashing only when film runs out. Two photos taken 0.5 sec apart. The distance traveled by the vehicle in this time is used as a secondary method of speed measurement. System in Netherlands measures speed over 1 km.

Traffic Monitoring speed limits obeyed more even headways more even lane use less lane changing more comfortable minor improvements in throughput, travel times, safety, emission Only influence shoulders of the peak average speed is just below the limit more even distribution of traffic across lanes 2/3 would like to see system extended Only marginal improvements in throughput. Police records show initial large improvement but data distorted by poor before monitoring data. Other factors such as road works, different seasons, etc. confound short term evaluations.

US Examples NJ Turnpike Tennessee Washington New Mexico

New Jersey Turnpike 120 signs over 148 miles 65-30 mi/h based on mean speed north section automated hazard warning signs Installed in late 1960’s. Sign display technology changed over time. 120 sign over the 148 miles. Loops in the pavement used to collect speed and volume data. Addition of weather sensing equipment is planned in the near future. The variable speed limits on the northern section near NYC are automated and based on the average speed of traffic. Manual override is used for lane closure and construction zones. The speed limits on the other sections can be reduced manually for six reasons: fog, ice, snow, construction, accidents, and congestion. There are hazard warning signs that display “Reduce Speed Ahead” and the reason for the speed restriction.

Tennessee (I-75) Fog warning Speed and visibility sensors Microwave link to police center Semi-automated Photo courtesy of PB Farradyne

Washington (I-90) 17 mi over mountain pass monitor speed, road surface and weather 65-35 mi/h during winter hazard warning semi-automated Designed to improve safety by minimizing speed differentials within traffic stream during adverse winter weather and provide motorists with advanced warning of weather conditions, road conditions, traction device requirements, snowplow activity, avalanche control and road closures. Six weather stations along the pass provide information on precipitation, pavement surface condition, visibility and wind speed. Two radar sensors(one each direction) are used to monitor speed at 15 traffic stations. Speed limit displayed on fully configurable LED matrix sign that can also display 3 line hazard warning message. Speed data updated every minute and weather data every 3 minutes. The recommended speed is based on a smooth average speed plus an adjustment for road surface and weather conditions. The recommended speed is transmitted to an maintenance operations center to be confirmed by an operator. If not rejected within one minute, recommendation will automatically be implemented. The decision to reduce the speed limit is also based on feedback from plow operators and State Patrol. 200 in-vehicle units for receiving the speed and hazard information.

Photo courtesy of PB Farradyne

New Mexico (I-40) fully automated maximum speed minimum speed or hazard warning

Prototype test constrained by NMSL

Maximum and Minimum Limit

Downstream Hazard Warning

Roadside station downstream of each interchange

Central station (unmanned) communication hub permanent log of speed limits monitor system status remotely manual over-ride

New Mexico Automated Speed Control Algorithm

Smooth Mean Speed

System Performance

Lessons Sign location, spacing and visibility Power failure Control algorithm Smooth speed Hysteresis max & min Environmental sensing Low cost & fully autonomous

Questions Davey Warren FHWA HRDS-05 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296  202-493-3318 davey.warren@fhwa.dot.gov