Respiratory System

Lungs and Air Passages Take in O2 Removing CO2 4-6 minute supply of 02 Must work continuously

Nose 2 nostrils or nares Nasal septum

Nasal Cavities Lined with mucous membrane Rich blood supply Mucous traps pathogens and dirt Cilia Olfactory sensors Nasolacrimal ducts

Hollow air-containing spaces Cavities in skull around nasal area Lined with mucous membrane Provides resonance for the voice

Nasopharynx – Contains pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids and eustachian tube openings Oropharynx – Middle section behind oral cavity – Palatine tonsils – Food and air Laryngopharynx – Bottom section – Branches into trachea and esophagus

Epiglottis Larynx Trachea

Bronchi-two divisions of the trachea near the center of the chest Each enters a lung Continues to divide into smaller bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Erythrocytes Lungs Diaphragm

Pathway of Air

Ventilation Process of breathing Respiration – Diaphragm – Intercostal muscles Two phases – Inspiration – Expiration

Respiration Inspiration + Expiration = Respiration Controlled by respiratory center in the medulla oblongata Vital Sign – breaths/min. – Chest rise and fall

Abnormal Breathing Dysp/nea Ap/nea Tach/yp/nea Brad/yp/nea Orth/op/nea Cyanosis

Respiratory Suffixes -emacondition -osmiasmell -pneabreathing -ptysisspitting -sphyxiapulse -thoraxchest, plural cavity

Disorders Asthma – Sensitivity to allergen Symptoms – Dyspnea & wheezing – Coughing – Tightness in chest Triggers Treatment

Disorders Chronic Bronchitis Etiological factors – Smoking – Infection Symptoms – Excessive mucous – Wheezing & dyspnea – Chest pain – Prolonged expiration of air Treatment – Antibiotics – Bronchodilators – Respiratory Therapy – No cure

Disorders COPD Any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the airways Smoking is primary cause; allergies and chronic respiration infections are also factors

Disorders Emphysema Hyperinflation of air sacs Walls of alveoli deteriorate and lose elasticity – CO2 is trapped – Poor exchange of gases Causes – Heavy smoking – Prolonged exposure to air pollutants

Disorders Epistaxis (nosebleed) Occurs when capillaries become congested Causes – Irritation of mucous membranes (allergies) – Trauma – Vitamin K deficiency – Clotting abnormalities – Hypertension – Dehydration

Disorders Laryngitis Inflammation of larynx and vocal cords Frequently occurs with other respiratory infections Symptoms – Hoarseness or loss of voice – Sore throat – Dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)

Disorders Pleurisy Inflammation of pleura or membranes of the lungs Usually occurs with pneumonia or other infections Symptoms – Sharp stabbing pain while breathing – Capitation or grating sounds in lungs – Dyspnea and fever

Disorders Pneumonia Inflammation and infection of the alveoli with a build up of fluid or exudates Usually caused by a bacteria, virus or chemicals Symptoms – Chills – Fever – Chest pain – Productive cough – Dyspnea – Fatigue

Disorders Tuberculosis Infectious disease of the lung caused by the bacterium Myobacterium tuberculosis “TB” WBC surround invading TB organisms, wall them off creating a nodule “tubercle” – Organisms remain dormant – Can cause an active case later is the body’s resistance is lowered Symptoms – Fatigue, chest pain, fever, night sweats, wt. loss – Hemoptysis (coughing up blood-tinged sputum)