Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Eco-Labelling & Carbon Footprinting: A UK Perspective Alan Campbell Campden BRI

©Campden BRI 2008 A New Name Campden BRI +

©Campden BRI 2008 Campden BRI - Chipping Campden

 CCFRA 2008 Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Campden BRI - What is our Role ? To provide Centre of scientific and technical excellence For the benefits of Our clients By having A sound research and development base with the ability to advise, train and serve the food, drink, catering and associated industries So as to ensure Product safety, improved product quality and efficiency and stimulate product, package and process innovation.

 CCFRA 2008 Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Campden BRI Over 85 years experience working with the food chain (est. 1919) Annual Sales Turnover c. £ 12.5 m Staff c. 300 (+ 30 in Hungary) Members c companies worldwide Independent and non-profit distributing Largest in the world

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 PAS 2050 PAS 2050 explains how to assess GHG emissions of an individual product, either a physical good or a service, across its entire life cycle: – from raw materials through all stages of production (or service provision), distribution, use and disposal Developed in partnership by BSI, The Carbon Trust and Defra in the UK, with significant input from other stakeholders The method was tested across a diverse set of sectors and product types PAS 2050 final version published October 2008 PAS 2050:2008. ‘Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services’

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Types of data Activity data refers to all the quantities involved in the product’s life cycle (material inputs and outputs; energy used; transport; etc.) Emission factors provide the link that converts these quantities into the resulting GHG emissions:  For electricity: e.g. in CO 2 e per kWh  For fuel: e.g. in CO 2 e per litre of fuel used ... Two types of data are necessary to calculate a carbon footprint:

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Data sources Primary activity data refers to data measured internally or by someone else in the supply chain  PAS 2050 states that primary activity data must be used for all processes and materials which your organisation owns, operates or controls Secondary data comes from sources other than direct measurement (LCA databases, industry reports, etc.)  Where primary data is not available (e.g. for some raw materials), secondary data may be used Data can come from either primary or secondary sources:

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Calculation The basic equation for product carbon footprinting is the sum of all material inputs and outputs multiplied by their emission factors, across all activities in the product’s life cycle: AD: activity data, measured in mass, volume, energy, etc. EF: emission factor, measured in CO 2 e per unit of mass, volume,... CF: carbon footprint, measured in CO 2 e per product unit Lifecycle step 1:AD 1 xEF 1 =CF 1 Lifecycle step 2:AD 2 xEF 1 =CF 1... Overall product life cycle carbon footprint:CF

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Uncertainty Reducing uncertainty:  Replace secondary/reference data with good quality primary activity data  Improve the model used to calculate the carbon footprint to make it more representative of reality If the goal is to certify and communicate the product footprint to customers, then it will require more precise calculations than simply using the footprint data internally to improve processes. Sources of uncertainty:  Missing data for parts of the supply chain  Data of questionable quality: not specific, not reliable,...

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Example: The carbon footprint of a bottle of ale

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 The process map Disposal Consumer Use Distribution/ Retail Manufacture Raw Materials Packaging

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Summary & Hotspots

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Summary & Hotspots Total Packaging = 24%

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Apple Juice (Own Farm) CF per PU kgCO2/PU Materials Apples Glass bottle Plastic cap Paper label/adhesive Plastic cap wrap Cardboard boxes Percentage 39% 47% Total Packaging 60%

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Reliance on secondary data: 1 litre homemade apple juice Importance of secondary data

 CCFRA 2008 Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Chilled cottage pie footprint High value 400g chilled cottage pie 25 ingredients 36 unit operations Many co-products Absolute data remains confidential to company and Defra

 CCFRA 2008 Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Beef cottage pie product unit (PU) composition

 CCFRA 2008 Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Breakdown of the GHG contributions to 400g beef cottage pie ready meal Packaging

 CCFRA 2008 Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Allocation for co-products: 500g pre-packed cheese Packaging

 CCFRA 2008 Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Carbon Footprint Still in early stages Limited number of products available Tesco – 4 Walkers Crisps Other companies still developing information

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Tesco Other products include Low energy light bulbs Laundry Detergents Potatoes

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Post launch findings. Initial customer survey on labelling had positive findings. 85% thinking about the impact of products they buy on the environment 68% of respondents now correctly understood the term ‘Carbon Footprint’ 32% also understood the concept of product lifecycle. Only 2% claimed they had ‘no idea’ 20% recognition of label 54% claim that they would buy products with a lower carbon footprint if they were widely labelled A further 38% said they would if they were as cheap/convenient

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Walkers – Cheese & Onion Grow/Harvest = 44% Processing = 30% Packaging = 15% Transport = 9% Disposal (pack) = 2%

 CCFRA 2008 Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Consumer Awareness Too many different logos on packs Are they important (to me)? Industry responsible for education Other studies –When alerted consumer has high understanding –When publicity stops? –Is price a factor?

 CCFRA 2008 Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Results of DEFRA Survey - Headline Findings (across projects) Consumer understanding is low and assumptions do not match reality ‘If this is serious’ - Consumers expect Government and Business to be acting Behaviour goals –  People are motivated by local scale and personal benefits  People are unlikely to take on anything that will impact their everyday lifestyle Buying ‘better products’ is acceptable and people are interested in knowing they’re better

 CCFRA 2008 Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Results of DEFRA Survey – Headline Findings from Food Research Any voluntary shift towards pro-environmental behaviour on consumers’ side must be met with visible action from business and government A premium is placed on leadership in this area Businesses are seen as the lynch-pin for change Consumers are seeking leadership and guidance from Government

 CCFRA 2008 Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Results of DEFRA Survey – Headline Findings from Food Research Business is a lynchpin for change  Consumers believe supermarkets and food manufacturers have a central role to play in creating change Across all segments consumers are looking for business to:  Self regulate to ensure sustainable practices  Enable better choices for consumers  Implement sustainable practices during production

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Carbon Neutral Beer Uses offsetting to produce a Carbon Neutral Product

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Mature Logo

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Same Message – But Different

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Multiple Recycling Information

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Logo Overload?

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Conventional vs Bio/Compostable Conventional Non-renewable resource Absorbs carbon Bio/Compostable Natural renewable product Carbon neutral (?) End of life – biomass & water

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Packaging The contribution by packaging materials to the carbon footprint of the product is often overstated The whole production process must be fully understood before a true value can be obtained

Campden BRI ©Campden BRI 2008 Thank you Alan Campbell Campden BRI