Wireless Communications “It is dangerous to put limits on wireless.” Guglielmo Marconi, 1932 Nobel Prize Winner Inventor of Radio ECE 4730: Lecture #1

History ECE 4730: Lecture #1 Wired Communications 1834  Gauss and Weber build telegraph system in Germany 1844  Morse connects Baltimore and Washington by telegraph 1858  First transatlantic telegraph cable laid 1876  Alexander Bell demonstrates telephone 1911  New York can telephone Denver 1918  First telephone carrier system with multi-plexing 1945  First digital computer (ENIAC) 1956  First transatlantic telephone cable 1965  First packet switched computer network (ARPANET) 1981  IBM personal computer 1995  World Wide Web 1998  Internet usage expands exponentially ECE 4730: Lecture #1

History ECE 4730: Lecture #1 Wireless Communications  Not so “new” 1899  Marconi sends first radio message across Atlantic 1905  Hulsmeyer detects ships with radar 1927  US & Europe telephones linked by HF radio 1934  AM mobile police radios for public safety widely used 1935  Armstrong demonstrates FM radio system 1940  First microwave radar 1965  First commercial communication satellite 1968  AT&T proposes cellular phone system to FCC 1983  FCC allocates spectrum for analog cellular service (AMPS) 1990  GSM digital cellular service introduced in Europe 1995  FCC auctions new PCS licenses in U.S. for digital services 1998  40 million cellular phone users in U.S. (20% of adults) 2002  62% of U.S. adults own a cell phone ECE 4730: Lecture #1

Cell Phone Useage 1990  8 million worldwide users 2005  2.2 Billion!! 2010  4.6 Billion!! 65% of World Population!! ECE 4730: Lecture #1

Frequencies ECE 4730: Lecture #1 RF = Radio Frequencies 1 MHz to 1 GHz general classification, not absolute 50 MHz to 1 GHz more widely used definition Microwave Frequencies 1 GHz to 300 GHz  general 1 GHz to 100 GHz  more widely used Trend towards use of higher frequencies Greater signal bandwidth (BW) Max. BW  10% of fc More users and/or higher data rates More difficult to design !!  more $$ Propagation distance  as frequency  ECE 4730: Lecture #1

Wireless Applications Mature Appliances Garage door opener Car alarms TV/VCR remote Cordless phones Communications Fixed microwave (point-to-point or LOS)  nearly 20,000 in U.S.! Satellite to fixed ground stations (TV, phone, defense, etc.) Paging 1st generation (1G) analog cellular  AMPS (FM) 2nd generation (2G) digital cellular  IS-95, IS-136, GSM 3rd generation (3G) digital cellular  UMTS, CDMA2000 WLAN: Wireless Local Area Networks (WiFi) ECE 4730: Lecture #1

Wireless Applications Becoming Mature Mobile computers/email (3G/4G) Wireless Local Loop (WLL) Local phone service via wireless connection Very prominent in non-industrialized nations Cheaper to install than wired lines Local competition from long-distance carriers in U.S.! Satellite to mobile ground units  Land Mobile Satellite (LMS) Constellation of 66 satellites in orbit (plus spares) Motorola/Iridium  Bankrupt in 2001! (now Iridium Communications) 4G Digital Cellular/PCS  LTE PCS = Personal Communication Services ECE 4730: Lecture #1

Wireless Applications Long-term trends in mobile communications driven by: 1) Technology Integrated Circuits (ICs)  cheaper, smaller, faster, etc. RF/microwave circuit fabrication  higher frequencies (MMICs) Digital Signal Processing (DSP) chips Customized for specific applications (e.g. ASICs) Baseband signal processing Coding, modulation, encryption, equalization, etc. 2) Governments (e.g. FCC) Spectrum allocation Public use vs. $$ from auctions Regulations International standards ECE 4730: Lecture #1

U.S. Mobile Radio Spectrum AMPS AMPS PCS PCS Fig. 11.23 pg. 592 PCS PCS Reallocated to PCS 802.11b Wi-Fi 802.11a Wi-Fi ECE 4730: Lecture #1

U.S. Mobile Radio Spectrum SMR Bands  Specialized Mobile Radio Three 20 MHz bands from 800900 MHz Large number of private licenses nationwide Paging/messaging Voice dispatch  taxi, P/F/A Data (UPS/Fedex) Extended SMR Nextel/Motorola partnership  bought by Sprint Purchased SMR licenses all over the country Nationwide coverage providing digital cellular/data service ECE 4730: Lecture #1

U.S. Mobile Radio Spectrum ISM Bands  Industrial/Scientific/Medical 902928 MHz and 24002484 MHz Unlicensed “garbage” bands Anyone can develop application as long as FCC guidelines are met Spread spectrum modulation must be used Tx power level < 1 W Remote meter reading Wireless medical monitors Digital cordless telephones 802.11b IEEE WLAN standard @ 2.4 GHz ECE 4730: Lecture #1

U.S. Mobile Radio Spectrum 1st Generation (1G) Cellular Telephone AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone System 824849 MHz Reverse Channel: Xmit from mobile to base station (fixed) 869894 MHz Forward Channel: Xmit from base station to mobile FCC mandated duopoly in Major Trading Areas (MTAs) MTA = 51 largest U.S. cities Two providers/MTA e.g. Cellular One + Southwestern Bell Mobile in K.C. All MTA providers have upgraded to 2G/3G systems 1G AMPS still used only sparsely in rural areas ECE 4730: Lecture #1

U.S. Mobile Radio Spectrum Digital PCS Band 1.851.99 GHz FCC Spectrum Auctions 1998 & 2000  $10 Billion!! 1st time spectrum sold for $$ in U.S. A & B blocks for MTAs Duopoly like AMPS C, D, E, & F blocks  Basic Trading Areas (BTAs) BTA = 492 large rural areas (includes MTAs!) 2nd Generation (2G) digital cellular phone service + PCS PCS = messaging, caller ID, voice mail, email, data, etc. Compete with analog cellular and SMR services combined ECE 4730: Lecture #1

U.S. Mobile Radio Spectrum 3rd Generation (3G) Cellular Telephone AT&T (HSPA) 850 & 1900 MHz (AMPS + PCS) Verizon (CDMA) 800 & 1900 MHz (AMPS + PCS) T-Mobile (HSPA) 1700 MHz (forward link) & 2100 MHz (reverse link) Sprint (CDMA) 850 MHz & 1800 MHz (AMPS + PCS) New 4G network = 2.5 - 2.7 GHz (reallocated from MMDS) ECE 4730: Lecture #1

U.S. Mobile Radio Spectrum Analog Broadcast TV Frequencies  recent reallocation Broadcast TV channels 52-69 relinquished in the switchover to digital 700 – 800 MHz Split into 5 blocks (A-E) by FCC for 3G/4G use Auctioned by FCC for $19.6 billion Block A (12 MHz) 698 – 704 & 728 – 734 MHz Block B (12 MHz) 704 – 710 & 734 – 740 MHz Block C (22 MHz) 746 – 757 & 776 – 787 MHz Block D (6 MHz) 758 – 763 & 788 – 793 MHz Block E (10 MHz) 722 – 728 MHz ECE 4730: Lecture #1

U.S. Mobile Radio Spectrum UNII  Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure Allocated in 1997 for “public use” applications 5.155.35 GHz & 5.7255.825 GHz 300 MHZ of available spectrum WLL, wireless internet access, and WLAN applications 802.11a IEEE WLAN standard Only spectrum in U.S. with enough BW to support very high data rate services (> 20 Mbps) High speed WLAN Wireless ATM Campus or building applications High frequency  poor signal propagation & geographic coverage Will NOT support cellular phone applications ECE 4730: Lecture #1