The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, and has a strong impact on economics, politics, and society. Rail locomotives began connecting U.S. cities in the 1840s, enabling transport of goods between factories, cities, and ports. SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 The Beginnings of Industrialization Industrialization Spreads Reforming the Industrial World

OBJECTIVES ◦ CORE OBJECTIVE: Trace key events of the Industrial Revolution and analyze how these affected economics and politics. ◦ Objective 8.2: Identify the social and economic effects of industrialization. ◦ Objective 8.3: Identify the effects of industrialization on the rest of the world. ◦ Objective 8.4: Explain the origins and main concepts of socialism, Marxism, and other 1800s reform movements.

CHAPTER 25 SECTION 2 EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

◦ Factory Work ◦ Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods ◦ Industrial Cities Rise ◦ Urbanization — Industrialization leads to city- building and movement of people to cities ◦ Growing population provides work force, market for factory goods ◦ British industrial cities: London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool

◦ Living Conditions ◦ Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums ◦ Life span in one large city is only 17 years ◦ Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes ◦ Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes ◦ Cities also without adequate housing, education, police protection ◦ Working Conditions ◦ Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round ◦ Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers ◦ Many coal miners killed by coal dust

◦ The Middle Class ◦ Middle class — skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, professionals with comfortable standard of living ◦ Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners, aristocrats ◦ The Working Class ◦ Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by machines ◦ Luddites, other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of work ◦ Unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers riot

◦ Immediate Benefits ◦ Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress ◦ Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve ◦ Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions ◦ Long-Term Effects ◦ Improved living and working conditions still evident today ◦ Governments use increased tax revenues for urban improvements

◦ Who is the worker? ◦ What are the dangers?

◦ Manchester and the Industrial Revolution ◦ Manchester has labor, water power, nearby port at Liverpool ◦ Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous, environment ◦ Business owners make profits by risking their own money on factories ◦ Eventually, working class sees its standard of living rise some ◦ Children in Manchester Factories ◦ Children as young as 6 work in factories; many are injured ◦ 1819 Factory Act restricts working age, hours ◦ Factory pollution fouls air, poisons river ◦ Nonetheless, Manchester produces consumer goods and creates wealth

VICTORIAN WORK SONG ◦

Who were the Luddites? (A) Factory workers that destroyed machinery that put them out of work (B) Children who suffered working in industrial factories (C) Middle class workers with a comfortable standard of living (D) Social workers who tried to improve the lives of city factory workers What are some of the negative urban consequences of industrialization? (A) The increase of political corruption in city government (B) The loss of individual freedoms and rights (C) Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes and sickness is widespread (D) The increase of land and wages of the middle class

Who were the Luddites? (A) Factory workers that destroyed machinery that put them out of work (B) Children who suffered working in industrial factories (C) Middle class workers with a comfortable standard of living (D) Social workers who tried to improve the lives of city factory workers What are some of the negative urban consequences of industrialization? (A) The increase of political corruption in city government (B) The loss of individual freedoms and rights (C) Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes and sickness is widespread (D) The increase of land and wages of the middle class

Urbanization is the (A) Process of work in a society being done by machines (B) Immigration from one country to another (C) Business growth through new inventions (D) Movement of people to cities A stock is (A) A large business run by people who are not personally responsible for any losses (B) A right of ownership in a company (C) A sale of a large business for profit (D) Large pieces of industrial equipment sold at a profit

Urbanization is the (A) Process of work in a society being done by machines (B) Immigration from one country to another (C) Business growth through new inventions (D) Movement of people to cities A stock is (A) A large business run by people who are not personally responsible for any losses (B) A right of ownership in a company (C) A sale of a large business for profit (D) Large pieces of industrial equipment sold at a profit