Meiosis The form of cell division by which, with half the number of chromosomes, are produced. Diploid (2n)  haploid (n) Meiosis is sexual reproduction. Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).

Meiosis Sex cells divide to produce gametes (sperm or egg). Gametes have half the # of chromosomes. Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries). Male: spermatogenesis Female: oogenesis Meiosis is similar to mitosis with some chromosomal differences.

Spermatogenesis n=23 n=23 2n=46 sperm haploid (n) meiosis II human sex cell diploid (2n) n=23 meiosis I

Interphase I Similar to mitosis interphase. Chromosomes replicate (S phase). Each duplicated chromosome consist of two identical sister chromatids attached at their centromeres. Centriole pairs also replicate.

Interphase I Nucleus and nucleolus visible. chromatin nuclear membrane cell membrane nucleolus

Meiosis I (four phases) Cell division that reduces the chromosome number by one-half. four phases: a. prophase I b. metaphase I c. anaphase I d. telophase I

Prophase I Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes come together. Homologous chromosomes carry similar information. You get one from your mom and one from your dad.

Prophase I - Synapsis Homologous chromosomes sister chromatids Tetrad

Homologous Chromosomes Pair of chromosomes (from mom and dad) that are similar in shape and size. Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling the same inherited traits. Each position of a gene is in the same position on homologues. Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. a. 22 pairs of autosomes b. 01 pair of sex chromosomes

Homologous Chromosomes eye color gene hair color Paternal Maternal

Crossing Over Crossing over may occur between chromatids. Crossing over: segments of chromatids break and reattach to the other chromatid. Crossing over adds variation.

Crossing Over - variation Tetrad nonsister chromatids chiasmata: site of crossing over variation

Sex Chromosomes XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male

Prophase I centrioles spindle fiber aster fibers

Metaphase I Shortest phase Tetrads align on the metaphase plate. INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OCCURS: INCREASES VARIATION.

Metaphase I metaphase plate OR metaphase plate

Question: In terms of Independent Assortment -how many different combinations of sperm could a human male produce?

Answer 223 = ~8 million combinations Formula: 2n Human chromosomes: 2n = 46 n = 23 223 = ~8 million combinations

Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles. Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.

Anaphase I

Telophase I Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes.

Telophase I

Meiosis II No interphase II (or very short - no more DNA replication) Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis

Prophase II same as prophase in mitosis

Metaphase II same as metaphase in mitosis metaphase plate

Anaphase II same as anaphase in mitosis sister chromatids separate

Telophase II Same as telophase in mitosis. Nuclei form. Cytokinesis occurs. Remember: four haploid daughter cells produced. gametes = sperm or egg

Telophase II

Meiosis n=2 n=2 2n=4 sperm haploid (n) meiosis II meiosis I sex cell diploid (2n)

Variation Important to population as the raw material for natural selection. Question: What are the three sexual sources of genetic variation?

Answer: Remember: variation is good! 1. crossing over (prophase I) 2. independent assortment (metaphase I) 3. random fertilization Remember: variation is good!

Question: A cell containing 20 chromosomes (diploid) at the beginning of meiosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes?

Answer: 10 chromosomes (haploid)

Karyotype A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type.

Fertilization n=23 egg 2n=46 zygote The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote. A zygote is a fertilized egg n=23 egg sperm n=23 2n=46 zygote