Mason Durie Massey University Ninth Global Forum on Bioethics in Research (GFBR9) Perspectives

 Universality  Diversity  Distinctiveness Universality

Many ethical values are held in common by people across nations, cultures, and ethnicities Avoid unneccesary pain & suffering Protect the young Respect property Abide by community customs, ideals, conventions Value people Diversity

Not all people within the same group hold the same values, ideals, or perspectives A suburban orientation A tribal world view A global perspective The culture of youth Whanau values Pragmatism Political ideologies A Christian focus BEING MAORI 2008 Distinctiveness

Ethical expectations and norms of groups are built on their distinctive views, shared histories, values, and aspirations, Religious persuasions The New Zealand way Maori perspectives Tribal conventions The Kiwi tradition Indigenous custom Community standards Indigenous

 5000 indigenous and tribal groups  200 million people  4% of the global population Distinctiveness

1.Colonised tribes 2.A vulnerable population 3.An ethnic minority 4.Marginalised communities 5.A Culturally different people Distinctive 2

1. A close and enduring relationship with the environment 2. Autonomous social groupings that reflect territory 3. Knowledge systems based on environmental encounters 4. A sustainable economy 5. Unique culture & language 1.Colonised tribes 2.A vulnerable population 3.An ethnic minority 4.Marginalised communities 5.A culturally different people 3 Characteristics

 Ecological tiesMana whenua  Human encountersMana tangata  Autonomy & self determination Mana whakahaere Maori

 Indigenous people of New Zealand  Tribal society (now largely urban)  Population 565,000 (15% of total population)  Median age 22 years  Increasing cultural fluency in younger age groups Rangi & Papa

The earth mother and the sky father were forced apart by their children Forests & birds The elements The seas, waters, fish Crops Ferns Humankind Separation enabled life and light But connections were retained Spiral

Building relationships Outward flow of energy People, land, flora, fauna, water, air, cosmos Centrifugal direction Relationships and context give rise to knowledge Smaller entities make sense when viewed in relationship to larger entities Identity

 People are part of a wider ecological context  Tangata whenua People of the land  Turangawaewae A land-based reference point Mauri

All matter has life - a mauri Connections with the wider environment create a dynamic relationship Inner & outer energy chains Carbon credits Relationships

Relationships between:  People and the natural environment  Tangible and intangible dimensions  Organic and inorganic material  Past and future (intergenerational continuity)  The microscopic and the macroscopic  Tangata whenua (Hosts) and manuhiri (visitors) Marae

Marae Atea A Forum for negotiating relationships Manuhiri (‘People with other land connections’) Tangata whenua (‘People of the land’) Whare nui (Meeting House) Marae Kawa

Tangata whenua Whaikorero Tapu Koha Social conventions Terms of engagement Level of risk Reciprocity Autonomy

Potatau te Wherowhero 1858 Tuheitia 2006 The Maori King The State The Treaty of Waitangi 1840 Implications

 Ecological Ties The ethics of eco-connectedness  Human Encounters The ethics of engagement  Autonomy and self determination The ethics of empowerment Eco-connect

 Synergies between people and the natural environment  Balance between human endeavours and environmental sustainability  Longstanding connections between species  All environmental forms have a unique ‘mauri’ Balance

 Human & environmental equilibrium  Climate change, carbon emissions  Human adaptation to the environment  Type II diabetes (living in consumer environments)  Species specificity  xenotransplantation  Species survival  Assisted reproductive technologies, organ donations  Stem cell research Engagement

 Relationship building – assessing risk & motive  Time  Space  Agreement on terms  Mutual benefits  Mutual respect and mutually re-enforcement Implications

 Reason for engagement with Maori  Who to engage with ?  Where should engagement occur ?  Trusting relationship or ‘one off’ ?  A sample of Maori views or a sample of views on Indigeneity ?  Ownership & management of information & data Empowerment

Informed ConsentActive participation Guardianship: Knowledgeable space to decide time to reflect Involvement in research design advice on research protocol, & methods Researcher as well as ‘subject’ of research research integrity Indigenous environmental interests research data dissemination of results Promoting ethics

 Shifting researcher attitudes  Indigenising ethical standards and protocols Researcher attitudes

Ethical complianceExtension of vision Research methodResearch impacts Centripetal focusCentrifugal focus RecruitmentActive participation Scientific meritIndigenous gain Consultation Relationship Indigenisation

 Guidelines for researchers (HRC)  Bioethics Council Report  Maori framework for ethical review  (NEAC & Nga Pae o te Maramatanga)  WAI 292 Matauranga Maori  Claim to the Waitangi Tribunal  Protection of native flora, fauna, & Maori knowledge  A Maori Ethical Commission ?  Wider research interests: Health – environment - education - energy) Indigeneity

The ethics of empowerment The ethics of eco-connectedness The ethics of engagement Ecological ties Human encounters Autonomy & self determination End