Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4-1 Chapter 4 Family Life Cycle

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4-2 Sharing Their Story Xenia Powell had Lanz while attending university. She says he is her constant. Lanz has made a huge difference in terms of her teaching. She believes Lanz is a gift from God. She also believes that teaching special education is her assignment in life. God gave her Lanz and the equipment to raise him and to teach at-risk and special education kids. She will persevere with them as she did with Lanz.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4-3 Think About It If you had to identify Xenia’s life cycle, what stages would you identify? What life stages has Lanz experienced? What stages lie ahead for him? If you were a teacher trying to partner with a mother like Xenia, what would you learn from knowing her life cycle and her characterizations of each cycle?

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4-4 Family Systems framework: Emphasis on Family Life Cycle

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4-5 Family Life Cycle Theory The family life cycle explains how a family changes over time. Each family experiences certain predictable stages. Movement from one stage to another there is an interim phase known as “transition”.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4-6 Family Life Cycle Theory Leaving home as single young adult Marriage and the new couple Families with young children Families with adolescents Launching children Families in later life

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4-7 Life Cycle Stages Birth and Early Childhood Childhood Adolescence Adulthood

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4-8 Birth and Early Childhood Discovering and coming to terms with disability: Many families experience a “grief cycle” upon learning their child has a disability. The manner in which a professional shares news or information about the child’s disability can cause hope or despair. Professional affirmation of parents’ dreams and hopes can serve as a protective factor in the adjustment process.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4-9 Birth and Early Childhood Participation in early childhood services Children birth to 3 are served through Part C of IDEA. Part C services are family-centered and are provided in a child’s natural environment (e.g., child’s home, community-based settings). Services for children 3 and older are provided through IDEA: Part B services are focused on the individual with a disability and are typically provided in public education settings.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Birth and Early Childhood Fostering Self-determination In Young Children Self- determination means among other things living one’s life consistent with one’s values, preferences, strengths and needs. Four Characteristics of Self-determination Autonomy Self-regulation Psychological empowerment Self-realization

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Childhood Developing a vision for the future: IDEA promotes that the student with a disability must be educated with students who do not have disabilities to the maximum extent appropriate for the student. Inclusion occurs most often for students ages 6-11; as students grow older, the percentage of time spent in inclusive placements decreases.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Childhood Key Characteristics of Inclusion: All students receive education in the home school they would have attended if they had no disability; Consideration is given to placing students in classrooms according to the principle of natural proportions; Teaching and learning is restructured for all students so that special education supports exist within general education classrooms; and School and general education placements are age- and grade-appropriate.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Childhood As children with disabilities enter grade school, many parents weigh the benefits and drawbacks of inclusion for their child. Many parents report being placed in the position of needing to convince educators that inclusion is appropriate for their child. Similarly, many parents report that inclusive education programs could be more effective and efficient in meeting their child’s needs and goals.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adolescence Stressors associated with adolescence can impact the functioning of the entire family. The presence of a disability may either mitigate or compound typical adolescent issues. The values and expectations of adolescents are strongly rooted in, and influenced by, a family’s ethnic/racial background and their religious affiliations.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adolescence The need for sexuality education: Currently, approximately 5% of students receive sexuality education. Benefits associated with sexuality education: Preparation of students to live and thrive in a diverse society. Reduction in the likelihood that persons with disabilities will be sexually victimized (particularly women). Promotion of sexually appropriate behavior.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adolescence Expanding self-determination skills: Self-determination: Living one’s life consistent with one’s values, preferences, strengths, and needs. Self-determination is defined by one’s cultural norms, including collectivism and individualism. The Self-determined Learning Model of Instruction (SDLM) has shown encouraging results. Parents can be involved in promoting self- determination for their child.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adolescence Self-determination is promoted through: Building on student’s interest and chosen direction. Expressing choices and acting on their preferences. The creation of self-determination goals and incorporation of these goals into a student’s IEP.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adolescence Self-Determination Outcomes: Increased post-high school outcomes, including paid employment. Self-determination predicts active student involvement in educational planning and decision-making.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adulthood Dimension of Adulthood Autonomy Emphasizes the individual’s arrival into adulthood Membership Includes community and connectedness and affiliation Change Acknowledges each individual’s capacity for ongoing growth

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adulthood The move to adulthood presents difficulties for the individual with the disability and the family. Numerous challenges with the transition to adulthood, which may include: Identifying postsecondary educational programs and supports Assessing supporting employment

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adulthood Identifying post-secondary educational programs and supports: Approximately 1/3 of high school graduates attend post-secondary programs. Students with disabilities are at increased risk of dropping out of high school and post-secondary education programs. Increasingly, post-secondary programs are developing support services and programs to support students with learning and developmental disabilities.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adulthood Accessing supported employment: Employment is the area where individuals with disabilities experience the widest gap with their non- disabled peers. Approximately 37% of working-age persons with disabilities are employed full or part-time compared to 80% of working-age people without disabilities. Supported employment is growing as more individuals with disabilities are in need of this option and are choosing it.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Adulthood Supported Employment: Developed as a way to provide long-term support for individuals with severe disabilities in integrated work settings. Goal: To develop independent work skills and the ability to earn competitive wages in an inclusive job market. Persons typically have the assistance of a job coach who provides direct training and assistance.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Life Cycle Transitions Transitions occur from one life cycle stage to the next. Transition times often are the most challenging periods for families due to significant change and stress. For families who have a child with a disability, life cycle changes may be more stressful.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Life Cycle Transitions Uncertainty about the future: Families may not know other families that have experienced similar transitions. They may follow the admonition to take one day at a time. Rituals that serve as “punctuation marks” for transitions for youth without disabilities may be blurred or non-existent for youth with disabilities.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Life Cycle Transitions Uncertainty about the future: In the past, and often still today, schools have not emphasized futures planning. Students from culturally and linguistically diverse families and those in underserved areas encounter special challengers in transition To promote futures planning, IDEA requires a coordinated set of transition services to be offered for students progressing to adulthood.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Life Cycle Transitions Unexpected Transitions: Family life cycle transitions that occur at a time other than expected affecting: Moving out of one’s family home Premature death of a child Some cultures do not view delayed independent living arrangements as “off-time transition”.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Revisiting Lanz and Xenia Powell Xenia knows about life cycles changes and transition points for herself and now with Lanz. She is expecting on-time transitions as Lanz completes college, gains employment, changes jobs and becomes a middle age man. She expects to accompany him through these stages. She will enter older adulthood and retire. None of this is a given. Xenia knows that with a child with a disability, families make no assumptions about the future. This is a rule that she and the professionals that work with her follow. Just have high expectations.

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Summary Life Cycle Stages Birth and Early Childhood Childhood Adolescence Adulthood

Families, Professionals, & Exceptionality: Positive Outcomes Through Partnerships & Trust, 6e Turnbull / Turnbull / Erwin / Soodak / Shogren ISBN: © 2011, 2006, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Linking Content To Your Life Everyone experiences life cycle stages and transitions. Reflect on the stages and transitions you have experienced. Use the reflective questions and activities shown in this section of the chapter located on page 92 to frame your reflections.