Data Networking Craig E. Canevit Network Services University of Tennessee April 12, 2005

What is Data Networking? A computer network is “an interconnection of computers and computing equipment using either wires or radio waves over small or large geographic areas.”

Types of Networks: P2P (Peer to Peer) P2P (Peer to Peer) Client/server Client/server WAN (Wide Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

WAN vs. MAN vs. LAN vs. PAN vs. WLAN… MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) LAN (Local Area Network) PAN (Personal Area Network) PAN (Personal Area Network) WLAN (Wireless LAN) WLAN (Wireless LAN) Geographical vs. topological vs. technological distinctions Geographical vs. topological vs. technological distinctions

Unbelievably Brief History of Data Networking In the 1960s, DARPA ( Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, US Military’s R&D ) started looking into connecting computers through networks, particularly packet-switched networks. Its work led to the formation of ARPANET in the late 1960s, which gradually evolved into the Internet. DNS DNS Subnetting Subnetting

Circuit Switching vs. Packet Switching

The OSI Model & Why It Matters ISO (International Organization for Standardization) ISO (International Organization for Standardization) ISO vs. Open Systems Interconnection ISO vs. Open Systems Interconnection Application Application Http, ftp, telnet, ssh Http, ftp, telnet, ssh Presentation Presentation ASCII/encryption/compression ASCII/encryption/compression Session Session

The OSI Model, continued Transport Transport End to end End to end Network (packets) Network (packets) L3 addressing (i.e.: ) L3 addressing (i.e.: ) Next hop Next hop Data Link (frames) Data Link (frames) L2 addressing (i.e.: 0002.fea8.39c1) L2 addressing (i.e.: 0002.fea8.39c1) SSN vs. postal service SSN vs. postal service Physical Physical

Encapsulation Application Application Application Application Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation Session Session Session Session Transport Transport Transport Transport Network Network Network Network Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Physical Physical Physical Physical

Ethernet Frame with Encapsulation

Network Protocols AppleTalk AppleTalk SPX/IPX (Sequenced Packet EXchange/Internet Packet EXchange) SPX/IPX (Sequenced Packet EXchange/Internet Packet EXchange) NETBEUI/NetBIOS (NetBIOS Extended Interface) NETBEUI/NetBIOS (NetBIOS Extended Interface) TCP/IP protocol suite TCP/IP protocol suite

Binary, Bits & Bytes Bits: 0 vs 1 Bits: 0 vs 1 Decimal: Powers of 10 Decimal: Powers of 10 2,165 = 2,165 = 2* *10 2 *6* *10 0 2* *10 2 *6* *10 0 Binary: Powers of 2 Binary: Powers of = 2165= or or or or

Binary, Bits & Bytes (traditionally) Byte = 8 bits Byte = 8 bits Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes (or 8192 bits) Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes (or 8192 bits) Megabyte (MB) = 1024 kilobytes Megabyte (MB) = 1024 kilobytes Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 megabytes Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 megabytes Terabyte (TB) = 1024 gigabytes Terabyte (TB) = 1024 gigabytes

Maybe Bites? (IEC Standard) Byte = 8 bits Byte = 8 bits Kilobyte (kB) = 1000 bytes vs. Kibibyte (KiB) = 1024 bytes Kilobyte (kB) = 1000 bytes vs. Kibibyte (KiB) = 1024 bytes Megabit (Mbit) 1000 Kilobits vs. Mebibyte (MiB) = 1024 kibibytes vs. Megabyte (MB) = 1000 megabits Megabit (Mbit) 1000 Kilobits vs. Mebibyte (MiB) = 1024 kibibytes vs. Megabyte (MB) = 1000 megabits International Electrotechnical Commission International Electrotechnical Commission

WAN Technologies T-/DS-/OC- lines T-/DS-/OC- lines Based on telephone lines DS-0 = 64 kbps) Based on telephone lines DS-0 = 64 kbps) T1 = Mbps (or 24 DS-0 lines) T1 = Mbps (or 24 DS-0 lines) DS-3 = Mbps DS-3 = Mbps OC-12= Mbps OC-12= Mbps Cell switching: Cell switching: SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork) SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork) ATM ATM ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 128Kbps/1.54Mbps 128Kbps/1.54Mbps Frame Relay (typically low speeds: 56K-T1 speeds) Frame Relay (typically low speeds: 56K-T1 speeds)

MAN Technologies In-between LAN & MAN In-between LAN & MAN

LAN Technologies Cable Modems ( Mbps down, kbps up) Cable Modems ( Mbps down, kbps up) Wireless ( b = 11 Mbps, a or 6 = 54 Mbps) Wireless ( b = 11 Mbps, a or 6 = 54 Mbps) Ethernet (10/100/1000/10Gbps) Ethernet (10/100/1000/10Gbps) 10Base-2 10Base-2 10/100/1000Base-T 10/100/1000Base-T Modems (56kbps) Modems (56kbps) DSL (1.544 Mbps to 512 Kbps downstream and about 128 Kbps) DSL (1.544 Mbps to 512 Kbps downstream and about 128 Kbps) LRE (5/10/15 Mbps) LRE (5/10/15 Mbps)

Network Cabling UTP, STP UTP, STP Cat 5 (allows for up to 150 Mbps) Cat 5 (allows for up to 150 Mbps) Cat 6 (allows for 1 Gbps) Cat 6 (allows for 1 Gbps) Coax Coax 10 Mbps for Ethernet (500 Mbps) 10 Mbps for Ethernet (500 Mbps) Fiber Fiber

Network Topologies Ring Ring Token-based Token-based Bus/tree Bus/tree Contention Contention Star Star Contention Contention Ethernet: CSMA/CD Ethernet: CSMA/CD

Network Devices So far: protocols, topologies, types of networks So far: protocols, topologies, types of networks Bridges/Hubs/Repeaters Bridges/Hubs/Repeaters Switches Switches ASICs versus software ASICs versus software Routers Routers

Network Devices Bridges Bridges

Network Devices Switches Switches

Network Devices Routers Routers

Security Concerns Firewalls Firewalls ACLs ACLs Routers with “firewall feature set” Routers with “firewall feature set” VPNs VPNs IDS/IPS & network sniffing IDS/IPS & network sniffing 10-Base2 LANs 10-Base2 LANs Cable modem networks Cable modem networks Hubs Hubs Wireless Wireless

Vendors Cisco Cisco Linksys Linksys Extreme Extreme Nortel Nortel HP HP Enterasys Enterasys Juniper Juniper Foundry Foundry

What Do We Have at UTK? About 780 Cisco switches About 780 Cisco switches Most buildings have Gigabit Ethernet uplink Most buildings have Gigabit Ethernet uplink 8 main Cisco routers 8 main Cisco routers Several dozen DEMPRs Several dozen DEMPRs 1100 Access Points supporting g 1100 Access Points supporting g Juniper router at the border Juniper router at the border 622 Mbps (135 for I1, 487 for I2) 622 Mbps (135 for I1, 487 for I2) Resnet DS-3 (45 Mbps) Resnet DS-3 (45 Mbps) ISDN connections, ISDN connections, DSL services DSL services

What Do We Have at UTK? (continued) FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) to Pellissippi FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) to Pellissippi Modem Pool (~250 users) Modem Pool (~250 users) LRE, DSL to buildings LRE, DSL to buildings T-1s to Middlebrook, etc. T-1s to Middlebrook, etc. Direct 100 Mbps connection to Lexis-Nexis Direct 100 Mbps connection to Lexis-Nexis

Special Applications Packeteer Packetshaper Packeteer Packetshaper Tipping Point IPS Tipping Point IPS VLANs VLANs DNS DNS

Standards/Governing bodies EIA/TIA ( Electronic Industries Alliance/Telecommunications Industry Alliance ) EIA/TIA ( Electronic Industries Alliance/Telecommunications Industry Alliance ) IETF (RFCs) IETF (RFCs) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) InterNIC InterNIC ARIN ARIN IP address space IP address space

Speaking of Address Space IPv6 (128 bit addressing versus IPv4’s 32 bits) IPv6 (128 bit addressing versus IPv4’s 32 bits) 281,474,976,710,656 addresses versus 2^32 or 4,294,967,296 addresses 281,474,976,710,656 addresses versus 2^32 or 4,294,967,296 addresses fe80:0000:0000:0000:0203:93ff:ef76:5a5e fe80:0000:0000:0000:0203:93ff:ef76:5a5e vs

The Future? Move towards IPv6 Move towards IPv6 VOIP VOIP Convergence Convergence Ubiquitous wireless Ubiquitous wireless Video on demand Video on demand 10 Gig E over copper 10 Gig E over copper 100 Gig E 100 Gig E