Understanding Taxonomy Academic Biology

The 6 Kingdoms Organisms are placed into kingdoms based on their type of cells, their ability to make food and the number of cells in their bodies

Prokaryotes organisms whose cells lack a nucleus  Nucleus—dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct the cell’s activities. Nucleic acids are scattered throughout the cell. Bacteria.

Ecological Importance of Prokaryotes Decomposition Nitrogen fixation Mutualistic relationships Parasitic relationships Commercial uses Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped bacteria which causes Syphilis in humans

Eukaryotes organisms with cells that contain nuclei. Their chemical instructions are in the nucleus.

Introduction to Phylogenetic Kingdoms Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) Prokaryotes. Protistia – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants, or animals Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts) Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, non- motile, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile, heterotrophic, no cell wall

Kingdoms and Domains BacteriaArchaeaEukarya BacteriaArchaeaProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia Monera ProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia The three-domain system The six-kingdom system The traditional five-kingdom system

EubacteriaArchaea Monera The six-kingdom system The traditional five-kingdom system Kingdom Monera

Streptococcus mutans (can cause endocarditis and dental caries) Bacillus anthracis (spores can live in soil for years) The Kingdom Monera Eubacteria Common name: Bacteria Unicellular prokaryotes Have cell wall Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla

Eubacteria a. Can be found in yogurt b. Unicellular bacteria c. Autotrophic or heterotrophic d. Most are helpful, some cause things like strep throat Bacteria which causes strep throat

Archaebacteria means “ancient bacteria” a. Unicellular bacteria b. Autotrophic or heterotrophic c. Live in places without O 2 (ocean floor, salty water, hot springs, and your intestines!) d. Prokaryotes

Entamoeba histolytica The Kingdom Protista Slime molds b. Autotrophic or heterotrophic c. Most unicellular d. Some multicellular, sea weed e. Eukaryotes A classification problem Some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia Animal-like, plant-like and fungus- like groups

Euglena is both autotrophic and heterotrophic Ecological Importance Important foundation in food chain. Produce a lot of Oxygen Decomposition Symbiotic relationships – Mutualistic – Parasitic Medicinal and Industrial Uses

Puffball Drops of rain trigger the release of spores The Kingdom Fungi Mushrooms, molds and mildew b. Most are Multicellular eukaryotes c. Yeast is unicellular eukaryotes d. Most found on land, a few in fresh water e. Heterotrophs—feed on decaying organisms Pholiota spp Degrades wood very quickly

Ecological Importance Decomposers Symbiotic – Parasitic On plants On animals – Mutualistic Lichens Mycorrhizae Epidermop hyton floccosum, fungi causing athlete’s foot

The Kingdom Plantae Dandelions, mosses, tomatoes b. Multicellular eukaryotes c. Autotrophs d. Some produce flowers some do not. e. Can be small or grow tall like a sequoia tree Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota

Major Groups of Plants Three traditional groupings: – Bryophytes—nonvascular plants – Tracheophytes — vascular, – Seed plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Ginkgo biloba Ginkgos are often very long-lived. Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500 years old.

Importance of Plants to Humans Food source – Wheat, grains, fruits, vegetables Medicine – Aspirin, cancer treatments, stimulants Industry – Agriculture, wood products, cotton Sugarcane

The Kingdom Animalia Dogs, fleas, rabbits, Human, turtles mosquitoes… Multicellular eukaryotes. Heterotrophs Baby Chicks

Invertebrates and Vertebrates Invertebrates – 97% of the Animal Kingdom – Absence of backbone – Includes sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, worms, arthropods, and echinoderms Vertebrates – Internal skeleton (bone or cartilage) – Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis Notice the “false” white eye markings behind the head.

Colony of sponges Chambered Nautilus Invertebrate Animals Sponges Cnidarians Worms Mollusks Arthropods Echinoderms

Hymenoptera Dialictus zephrum Txodes scapularis Deer tick Invertebrate Animals Sponges Cnidarians Worms Mollusks Arthropods Echinoderms

Vertebrate Animals Chordates Fish – Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey) – Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays) – Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon) Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Ardea herodias Great Grey Heron

Name 6 Kingdoms

BacteriaArchaeaProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia The six-kingdom system

What is a prokaryote?

Prokaryotes organisms whose cells lack a nucleus  Nucleus—dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct the cell’s activities. Nucleic acids are scattered throughout the cell. Bacteria.

Which 2 kingdoms only have prokaryotes?

EubacteriaArchaea Monera The six-kingdom system The traditional five-kingdom system Kingdom Monera

Which kingdoms include only heterotrophic organisms?

Fungi and animalia