2009 Integrated Science Unit 4: Study of the 5 Kingdoms 1) Monerans (Prokaryotes) 2) Protists 3) Plants 4) Animals 5) Fungi

2009 Integrated Science

What is a prokaryote?? Prokaryote- organism that does not have a nucleus or organelles in its cells (bacteria) Eukaryote- nucleus + organelles

2009 Integrated Science Chapter 16: Prokaryotes (Monerans) Prokaryotes are known for causing disease: ex. tuberculosis, strep throat, STD’s, etc….. Most are not harmful & sometimes helpful ex. certain E. coli help vitamin production/ digestion in humans Globally, bacteria are essential to the cycling of nutrients through the biosphere (nitrogen)

2009 Integrated Science Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses Focus on bacterial positives

2009 Integrated Science Chapter 15: Three Domain System of Classification Domains are a category above kingdoms. 3 Domains of organisms: 1) Archaea—prokaryotes 2) Bacteria—prokaryotes 3) Eukarya—protists, fungi, plants, animals (all eukaryotes)

2009 Integrated Science Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses Archaea vs. Bacteria 1) Archaea—many are extremophiles can live in harsh environments (Early earth??) (high temp., salinity, little oxygen)

2009 Integrated Science Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses Archaea vs. Bacteria 2) Bacteria— Different info in their DNA and RNA from Archaea. Cell walls different from Archaea. Antibiotics can kill bacteria.

2009 Integrated Science Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses Focus on Bacterial Reproduction Binary Fission: mechanism: DNA copied….move to opposite ends of cell called binary fission Potential: 1 cell  68 billion cells in 12 hours

2009 Integrated Science

Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses Focus on bacterial positives Bioremediation: Humans use prokaryotes to remove pollutants from water/air/soil ex. sewage treatment Pseudomonas has been used to clean up oil spills.

2009 Integrated Science Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses Focus on bacterial positives Pharmaceuticals: Bacteria can be used to make vitamins, proteins, & antibiotics.

2009 Integrated Science Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses Focus on disease Disease defense: barriers: skin, mucous lining immune system: chemical & cellular defense antibiotics: prevent or slow the growth of bacteria ***not useful with viral diseases

2009 Integrated Science Video The Good and Bad Side of Bacteria

2009 Integrated Science Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses Focus on viruses -viruses are NOT considered living cells -viruses must use a host cell to reproduce -viruses are composed of a small section of DNA or RNA and a protein coat

2009 Integrated Science Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses Focus on viruses micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/virus.html

2009 Integrated Science Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses Focus on viruses 2 reproduction methods (use host cell to reproduce): 1) Lytic Cycle: virus invades a cell, destroys it, and spreads

2009 Integrated Science Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses Focus on viruses 2 reproduction methods: 1) Lysogenic Cycle: virus injects its genes into the host.

2009 Integrated Science Chapter 16: Prokaryotes & Viruses Focus on viruses Infection example: Herpes virus that causes cold sores may stay dormant in your DNA and only reproduce during times of stress.

2009 Integrated Science Common Cold

2009 Integrated Science Influenza

2009 Integrated Science Polio

2009 Integrated Science Hepatitis

2009 Integrated Science Ebola

2009 Integrated Science Measles

2009 Integrated Science Mumps

2009 Integrated Science Kuru

2009 Integrated Science Video Virus video

2009 Integrated Science KINGDOM PHYLUM GENUS FAMILY CLASS ORDER SPECIES DOMAIN Let’s shift to PROTISTS- Ch. 17

2009 Integrated Science Kingdom Protista (ch. 17) “Stuff” kingdom

2009 Integrated Science Kingdom Protista 1) Most diverse eukaryote kingdom eukaryote = nuclear membrane 2) Most protists are unicellular 3) Most are free-living (not parasitic) 4) Protist cells are very complex (perform ALL functions of the cell)

2009 Integrated Science Grouping Protists by nutrition 3 Major categories: 1) animal-like = protozoans 2) fungus-like 3) plant like = algae

2009 Integrated Science Grouping Protists by nutrition 1) animal-like = protozoans heterotrophs: get energy & organic molecules by eating… bacteria other protists decaying matter found mostly in aquatic environments

2009 Integrated Science Grouping Protists by nutrition 1) animal-like = protozoans Grouping by motility (how they move) a) zooflagellates (flagella) ex. Giardia b) pseudopodia ex. amoeba c) ciliates ex. Paramecium d) no movement = apicomplexans (parasites) ex. Plasmodium (causes malaria)

2009 Integrated Science Zooflagelletes

2009 Integrated Science Amoeba with Pseudopods

2009 Integrated Science Ciliated Paramecium

2009 Integrated Science Apicomplexans

2009 Integrated Science Grouping Protists by nutrition 3 Major categories: 2) fungus-like 3) plant like = algae

2009 Integrated Science Grouping Protists by nutrition 2) fungus-like heterotrophic…….get food & energy by decomposing DEAD organic matter NOT to be confused with fungi, though they are similar

2009 Integrated Science Grouping Protists by nutrition 2) fungus-like Major types: plasmodial slime molds cellular slime molds water molds/ downy mildews

2009 Integrated Science Grouping Protists by nutrition 3 Major categories: 3) plant like = algae

2009 Integrated Science Grouping Protists by nutrition 3) plant like = algae autotrophs…….chloroplasts use sunlight to make food ( unicellular, colonial, OR multicellular

2009 Integrated Science Grouping Protists by nutrition 3) plant like = algae TYPES: euglenoids dinoflagellates (plankton, red tide, bioluminescence) diatoms seaweeds brown algae red algae green algae