Big theme in biology: Structure & Function are related! This is true at all levels of organization: molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. 1

Note log scale. 2

Animals Bacteria Plants Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Protists Archaea Fungi

Contrasting the size and complexity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cell Nucleoid region Nucleus Eukaryotic cell Organelles TEM 15,000 Colorized TEM 15,000 Fig 4.3A 4

Comparing sizes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Fig 24.1A. Engulfment of bacteria by macrophage 5

Complete this Compare/Contrast Frame: Simple Cells Complex Cells

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Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Flagellum Not in most plant cells Lysosome Centriole Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Microtubule Plasma membrane Intermediate filament Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Microfilament A “typical” animal cell Figure 4.4A 9

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Structure Function Cell Organelles in Cytoplasm Mitochondria (Job) Mitochondria “Powerhouse.” Converts food energy in to usable energy (ATP). “Mighty” Generator. ER Carries proteins throughout the cell. Ribosomes Makes proteins. Golgi Bodies Receives, packages & sends materials. “UPS” of the cell. Chloroplasts (plant only) Captures light energy to make food energy. “Solar Panels” of the cell. Vacuoles Storage. (Water, food and other materials) Lysosomes Chemicals for breakdown.

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Complete this Compare/Contrast Frame:

Fig 4.5. The nucleus: the cell’s genetic control center. Chromatin Nucleolus Pore Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Two membranes of nuclear envelope Fig 4.5. The nucleus: the cell’s genetic control center. 14

Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER Rough ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes TEM 45,000 Figure 4.7 Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER has a variety of functions, eg making lipids. Rough ER makes membranes and proteins. 15

Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food. 16

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Organization of a “typical” plant cell Central vacuole Not in animal cells Chloroplast Cell wall Golgi apparatus Nucleus Microtubule Cytoskeleton Intermediate filament Microfilament Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Figure 4.4B 18

Chloroplasts convert light energy to chemical energy (glucose). TEM 9,750 Chloroplast Stroma Intermembrane space Inner and outer membranes Granum Fig 4.14 19

FUNCTION STRUCTURES Breakdown / Digestion Lysosomes and Peroxisomes. Energy Processing Mitochondria, Chloroplasts. Support, Movement and Communication Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular Matrix, Cell Junctions Manufacturing Nucleus, Ribosomes, ER, Golgi bodies. Genetic headquarters Nucleus

Must Know & Challenge Structures 1. Nucleus Centriole 2. Mitochondria Plastids 3. Chloroplast Microtubules 4. Cell Wall Microfilaments 5. Cell Membrane Nucleolus 6. Ribosomes Rough ER 7. Vacuole Smooth ER 8. Cytoplasm 9. Golgi body (apparatus) 10. Lysosomes 11. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Review Checklist: Write out the three parts of the CELL THEORY. Who is Robert Hooke? Why is he important? Compare & Contrast frame between plant & animal cells. Compare & Contrast frame between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Make a structure & function table for all the cell parts. Sketch a plant cell, color it in and label all parts. Sketch an animal cell, color it in and label all parts Active study! Know your vocab!

Cellular and sub-cellular levels Cell membrane has surface area of 1/30 the surface area of period on typical page. Nucleus has a surface area of 1/10 of cell membrane. 23

Organelles and Subcellular Structures Manufacturing Nucleus, Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus. (Connected through endomembrane system.) Breakdown: Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles Energy Processing: Chloroplasts, Mitochondria Support, Movement, and Communication: Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions 24