Internationalized Domain Name Evolution Kenny Huang TWNIC

Demands Where and How

Human factors People would like to name themselves and their objects in their own language ISO UNICODE is a necessary answer, but not sufficient DNS has some shortcomings as well

Deployment Issues Objectives of Internationalizing Protocols Deploying parallel name spaces Deploying parallel communication spaces

Objectives of Internationalizing Protocols Many protocols internationalized: –SMTP, HTML, etc Domain Name Service foundational –and therefore has earthquake effects if changed without thinking clearly

Deploying parallel name spaces Simple to do - –Deploy many DNS roots with different name spaces Effect: –People using one cannot find people in another –Commerce diminished –Mail exchange impeded, etc

Correctness issues Many servers running Bind –Often as old as version 4 Incompatible upgrades cause other systems to fail –Software reliability is one of the big issues, and this is a key component

ASCII (ACE) or non ASCII IDN The IDN solutions can be very extreme, there is no intermediate solution ACE has short-term benefit but has long- term penalty 8bit clean technique introduces system vulnerability ?

Policy Perspective WHO’S WHO

Who Own and Control the Internet? Domain Names(gTLD, ccTLD) IP Address Protocol Parameter Root Server BIND

ICANN (Formally IANA) TLDs: gTLD/ccTLD ARIN,RIPE APNIC IETF/IAB Govt. Advisory Committee DNS Root Server

What ICANN does To Coordinate the unique assignment of Three values that are essential to the Proper functioning of the Internet –Domain Names –IP addresses –Protocol port and parameter numbers

What ICANN does not do Content Control Network Security Data Privacy Protection Setting multilingual name standards Multilingual Internet interoperability

ICANN ’ s Responses Cairo Yokohama –ASCII, Internet Language Marina del Rey –To host Internationalized Domain Names Workshop Melbourne –To discuss Internationalized DN in the public forum

MINC Coordination of R&D on multilingual names Coordination on deployment of multilingual names Coordination with the relevant organizations i.e. IETF, W3C, ICANN, ISOC, Unicode, IEEE, ISO and ITU Coordination for standards development

Issues of Interoperability Tower of Babel – Babelisation of Internet has taken place. “ Islands ” of the Internet should be prevented i.e. which should not fragment the network with multiple non- interoperable standards Asia Pacific Taskforce on internationalising Domain Names set up Internet Engineering Task Force urgently set up IDN Working Group

Several Multilingual Domain Names Testbeds emergent Industry driving this NSI (Verisign) and partner companies setting up multilingual.com services testbed JPNIC, KRNIC launching production level testbeds for japanese.jp and korean.kr CNNIC, TWNIC, HKNIC, MONIC forms CDNC - in progress

MINC ’ s Role MINC will coordinate the Interoperability Testing as a whole. MINC will commission the Interoperability Testing Working Group to manage the Testing. MINC will operate the testing using a self- financing cost-recovering model.

What is JET? Joint Engineer Team for developing Open Multilingual Domain Name System for ICANN TLDs. Core members are CNNIC, JPNIC, KRNIC and TWNIC. ISC, IETF co-chair and VeriSign GRS are invited. Business status & plan are exchanged for the better service introduction.

JET meetings & Discussions 1 st : July (Yokohama)  Local charset or ACE 2 nd : Aug (Beijing)  Common mDNS 3 rd : Nov (Taipei)  Global/Localized components 4 th : Feb. 28 – Mar (Kuala Lumpur)  IETF Standardization & Localization 5 th : June (Shanghai) 6 th : Oct (Beijing) –Last f2f meeting before IETF standardization

Open Source Code TWNIC/CNNIC –mDNS with 8-bit clean BIND –8-bit clean Squid proxy/Apache web server JPNIC –mDNkit To be fully compatible with IETF standards Core library for processing mDN –Code conversion between local charset and ACEs –Normalization Tools for code conversion –mdnconv, dnsproxy, runmdn, mDN Wrapper BIND 8 & 9 Patches

JET Outcome Information exchange on the business –Service menu & schedule (JPRS) –System development –Reserved words –DRP Engineering Discussion IETF Contribution –UNAME –TSCONV –JPCHAR –HANGUELCHAR Software Release: JPNIC’s mDNkit Plan Localization

CDNC Members : CNNIC, TWNIC, MONIC, HKNIC Development –multilingual domain name system –system interoperability Information Sharing Multilingual domain name service activation and operation

CDNC Experience Strong momentum from official registries First organization introduce multiple root systems model (chain table) and multilingual ccTLDs, gTLDs ( 全漢字 ) Normalization –Simplified Chinese Characters vs. traditional Chinese Characters

Technology Perspective IETF IDN Movement & Status Update

IDNA Concept CommunicationLayer Input/Output DNS Protocol Application Protocol IDNATransformation

IDNA Overview Changes of presentation layer of applications No changes to application protocols No changes to DNS protocol No changes to any current DNS servers

IDNA Interface Components

Changes to applications for IDNA Input of host names –Prepares name using stringprep –Applies an ACE –Sends encoded name to resolver (as well as application layer protocol) Display of host names –Scans displayable text or protocol elements for ACEs –Displays them in local display format

STRINGPREP Output of a single, unambiguous string Let user enter anything that might look correct to them Typical users should be able to follow logic of preparation

Overview of STRINGPREP Mapping –Mapping characters to other characters Normalization –Normalizing the characters Prohibit –Excluding characters that are prohibited from in internationalized host names

Ripple Effects Un-updated applications will display obscure ACE format Non-IDN names that use the ACE prefix or suffix will either be considered illegal or will appear as nonsense characters Doesn ’ t internationalize text records in the DNS zone files

Administrative Issues Administrative interface for DNS servers must all check IDN names Probably done with automated scripts converting from and to preferred native format Will probably be important to check all names with stringprep, even after they are in the zone files

IETF IDN Update AMC-ACE-Z as chosen ACE nameprep/tsconv/hanguelchar/jpchar/stringprep should be consolidated into one architecture the requirements draft will be moving forward for IETF Last Call Go forward with IDNA.

IDNA Possible Structure Client Local Process StringPrep Reordering AMC-ACE-Z Localization IDNA Internationalization

Search Model Example One Application StringPrep TC/SC Engine DNS Yellowpage

Search Model Example Two Application StringPrep DNS Yellowpage

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