In this powerpoint, you will learn about: Cell theory Difference between eukaryote sand prokaryotes Endoysymbiosis explained Organelle structure and function This is important information and will take some effort to learn. You may want to make flashcards.
Beginnings of the Cell Theory 1665: Robert Hooke first observed cells in a piece of cork. 1675: Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed living cells and microorganisms.
Beginnings of the Cell Theory 1838: Matthias Schleiden—all plants are made of cells. 1839: Theodor Schwann—animals are made of cells. 1855: Rudolf Virchow—cells can only arise from other cells.
These scientists helped form what is now known as the cell theory: All living things are composed of cells The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things New cells originate from existing cells
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Smaller Simpler structure Lacks most organelles DNA NOT within a membrane (no nucleus)
Early cellular life on earth Endosymbiosis theory Some prokaryotic organisms that made their own food were engulfed by eukaryotic organisms They experienced symbiosis (two different species benefitting from living and working together)
Evidence that supports endosymbiosis They have a double membrane surrounding their inner structure Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA They produce proteins and enzymes that they need in order to function They are able to replicate their own DNA and direct their own division, just like bacterial cells do
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Larger More complex structure Has a nucleus (DNA within a membrane) Many types of organelles
Concept Map Cells Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Animals Plants Fungi Bacteria Can be Eukaryotic Prokaryotic found in Protists Fungi Plants Animals Contain Organelles Lack Bacteria Known as
Eukaryotic Cells Two major types: Many different organelles Plant Animal Many different organelles Organelle: a structure within a cell that carries out a certain function
Major organelles: Golgi Apparatus Nucleus Lysosomes Nucleolus Vacuoles Mitochondria Cell membrane Cytoplasm Centrioles Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Smooth ER Rough ER
Nucleus Nucleolus Control center of cell Contains DNA Directs protein synthesis Nucleolus Within nucleus Makes ribosomes Chromatin surrounds
Cell Membrane Controls what enters and leaves cell Provides protection and support Layer of lipids and proteins Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm Everything in the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus Comprised of a jelly-like substance that suspends the organelles Site of most cell activity
Ribosomes Produce proteins Instructions from the nucleus Either floating free in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) A system of membranes that connect nuclear membrane to cell membrane. Involved in transport Two types Rough ER Smooth ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Rough ER Ribosomes on surface – “rough” Makes membrane proteins Smooth ER Contains enzymes that synthesize certain molecules like lipids Drug detoxification Rough Smooth
Golgi Apparatus “Stack of pancakes” Modifies, packages and secretes cell products
Lysosomes Contains digestive enzymes Digest food, damaged organelles, and other waste
Vacuoles Much larger in plant cells Serve as storage for nutrients, water and waste products Plant cell vacuole Animal cell vacuoles
Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Provides energy to the cell in the form of ATP
Centrioles Found in ANIMAL Cells Involved in animal cell reproduction
Cell Wall Plant cells ONLY! On the outside of the cell membrane of plant cells Rigid Provides support and protection
Chloroplasts Plant cells ONLY! Contain chlorophyll, a pigment, which gives plants their green color Captures sunlight in order to produce food for the plant through photosynthesis