Lecture 2 Outline (Ch. 6) I.Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes II.Organelles Overview III.Endomembrane System IV.Energy Organelles VI.Cytoskeleton VII.Extracellular.

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Lecture 2 Outline (Ch. 6) I.Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes II.Organelles Overview III.Endomembrane System IV.Energy Organelles VI.Cytoskeleton VII.Extracellular Structures VIII.Summary

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryotes: - Archaea and Bacteria nucleoid (DNA) ribosomes plasma membrane cell wall capsule pili flagella 1-10μm

Eukaryotes: - Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals - Several organelles - Larger Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes μm 333 μm

Eukaryotic Organelles

Eukaryotic Organelles Nucleus – genetic material chromosomes (DNA + proteins) nuclear envelope -double bilayer nuclear pores nuclear matrix

Nucleolus makes rRNA Chromosomes/DNA Eukaryotic Organelles Nucleus – genetic material

Ribosomes – protein synthesis Made in nucleolus Bound or free Two subunits Made of RNA & proteins Free – make cytoplasmic proteins

Bound Ribosomes Build Membrane & Exported Proteins Ribosomes – protein synthesis

Eukaryotic Endomembrane System Endomembrane System – shipping and transport in cells

Lipid Synthesis Detoxify Drugs Membrane Factory Adds Carbohydrates to Glycoproteins

Endomembrane System

1. Endoplasmic reticulum (e.r.) Two types – rough & smooth Endomembrane System ”bleb” off in vesicles Extensive membrane Continuous with nuclear envelope Inside is the lumen

2. Golgi apparatus Shipping and receiving Flattened sacs Vesiscles – transport around cell Protein modification & direction Endomembrane System

3. Lysosomes Cellular digestion Not in plants Bleb off Golgi or cell membrane Acidic inside – break down (a) food particles or (b) old cell parts - both by HYDROLYSIS Endomembrane System “phagocytosis”“autophagy”

Plant cell 4. Vacuoles Storage/maintenance compartments Food vacuole Water vacuole -contractile vacuole Disposal for by-products Central vacuole Animal cell Endomembrane System

5. Plasma membrane Lipid bilayer – selective barrier Membrane-associated proteins – depend on cell type Endomembrane System Present in ALL CELLS

Mitochondria Harvest Chemical Energy ribosomes and own DNA

ribosomes and own DNA! Chloroplast Light to Chemical Energy

Question: Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes?

Cytoskeleton - Eukaryotes Thick! Thin! Intermediate filaments – Intermediate!

Radiate from center Internal transport, motility, cell division Cytoskeleton - Microtubules Inside flagella Inside cilia Make centrioles

Localized at membrane Cell movement Cytoskeleton - Actin filaments Muscle fiber contraction Pseudopodia Cytoplasmic streaming (plants)

Throughout cell to support shape make up nuclear lamina, and mesh outside nucleus Example: keratins Cytoskeleton - Intermediate filaments fibers linked into sheets, then ropes

Extracellular Spaces – Cell wall In plants - made of cellulose Thick cells connected through cell wall plasma membrane cell wall

Animal cells - glycoproteinsEx. collagen ECM – cell communication, movement Extracellular Spaces – Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Animal cells - three types 1.tight junctions (no-leak) 2. desmosomes (flexible) 3. gap junctions (communication) Extracellular Spaces – Junctions

OrganelleFunctionPart of Endomembrane System? In Bacteria? Plants? Animals? NucleusStore genetic infonoP, A Ribosomes Rough e.r. Smooth e.r. Golgi Plasma Membrane Lysosomes Vacuoles Cytoskeleton Cell Wall ECM

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