Evolution Darwin Studied finches in the Galapagos Islands – He noticed how different each bird beak was due to adaptive radiation Evidence of evolution – The best evidence is matching AA sequences or DNA – We can also look at anatomy. What was the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

3 What is Classification? Classification/taxonomy is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification/taxonomy is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

4 Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organismsAccurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fishPrevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all namesUses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”??

5 Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature Genus speciesGenus species Latin or GreekLatin or Greek Turdus migratorius American Robin

6 Binomial Nomenclature What is different in the scientific name of the polar bear and the grizzly bear?

7 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Know in order, how the taxa are arranged from broadest to most specific

8 Broadest, most inclusive taxonBroadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains:Three domains: Archaea and EubacteriaArchaea and Eubacteria unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) EukaryaEukarya more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organellesmore complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Domains

Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaea Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Know which are prokaryotes and which are eukaryotes Know the difference between and prokaryote and eukaryote

KingdomEubacteriaArchaebacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Cell Type ProkaryoticProkaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryoticEukaryotic Cell Wall FlagellaCapsule Capsid Nucleic Acid EnvelopeFlagellaCiliaSporesPseudopods -Cell walls made of chitin -Filamentous forms with specialized, complex cells Chloroplasts Central vacuole Cell wall of cellulose Specialized, complex cells Number of ofCellsUnicellularUnicellular Unicellular OR Multi- cellular All Multi-cellular except for yeast (unicellular) Multi- cellular ModeofNutritionAutotroph/HeterotrophAutotroph/HeterotrophAutotroph/Heterotroph Absorptive heterotroph saprobeAutotrophicHeterotroph ExamplesSalmonella E. Coli AnthraxHIVHepatitis Tobacco Mosaic Virus ProtozoansAlgae Water Mold Slime Mold MoldsYeastsMushroomsMossesFerns Non-woody & woody flowering plants InvertebratesFishesReptilesAmphibiansBirdsMammals

Fungus Are not plants-they do NOT carry out photosynthesis! The only thing they have in common are cell walls. Cell walls of chitin Absorb food through cell walls – What do they do? Why is this important? What would we do without them? – An ex of a fungus? Yeast-how does it make bread rise?

Protists Not plants, not fungi – Algae, slime molds etc – These guys are important for creating most of the O 2 for us through photosynthesis! – Form red tides (caused from Dinoflagellates) that kill fish and other animals in the ocean Caused by farm runoff Are a junk drawer – Uni/multicellular – Eukaryotes – Auto/heterotrophs

13 Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organismsUsed to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairsCharacteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organismRead both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism Be able to identify characteristics that set organisms apart from the rest!

Prokaryotic – do not have nucleus Single-celled – unicellular Cell wall – made of Prokaryotic – do not have nucleus Single-celled – unicellular Cell wall – made of peptidoglycan What are two key differences between a prokaryote and eukaryote?

Virus Has DNA/RNA Would we treat with antibiotics or vaccine? Both? Lytic vs Lysogenic cycle

Treating Pathogenic Bacteria Gram Stain – stained bacteria reveals whether to prescribe antibiotics Antibiotics – medicine used to block growth and reproduction of BACTERIA only Ex: Pencillium Vaccines – weakened pathogen PREVENTS disease in both viruses and bacteria

Bacteria are beneficial to our environment by acting as: Bacteria are beneficial to our environment by acting as: 1.Decomposers - recycle of nutrients to atmosphere 2.Nitrogen fixators - convert nitrogen into a form plants can use Beneficial Bacteria

Beneficial Bacteria Cont… 3. Symbiotic Relationship – Two organisms benefit from one another Ex. Humans and E. coli E.coli lives in our intestines, breaks down food for digestion

Preventing Bacterial Growth 1.Heat – inc in temp 2.Disinfection – using chemicals 3.Refrigeration – slows down bacterial growth 4.Light – slows down bacterial growth

How are Bacterial Infections Transmitted? Exchange of bodily fluids Skin to skin contact, dirty hands Contamination Airbourne We use Penecillum as an antibiotic