Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved PowerPoint Presentations for Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Vivian McCann Prepared by Beth M. Schwartz This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Seventh Edition

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Chapter 1 Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Claim: If kids eat large amounts of sugar, they become hyperactive. Problem: How would you test the claim that sugar makes children hyperactive?

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What Is Psychology– and What Is It Not? Psychology is a broad field, with many specialties—but fundamentally, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What Is Psychology– and What Is It Not? Psychology is not : All about mental disorders and therapy Focused solely on diagnosing and treating mental problems

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What Is Psychology– and What Is It Not? Psychology: Comes from psyche (Greek for “mind”) and -ology (meaning “a field of study”) Literally means “the study of the mind” Covers both internal mental processes and external, observable behaviors Based on objective, verifiable, scientific evidence

Figure 1.1 Work Settings of Psychologists Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey, APA Center for Workforce Studies. March 2011 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Three Ways of Doing Psychology Main Categories: Experimental psychologists Teachers of psychology Applied psychologists

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved I/OSports Clinical/Counseling Environmental School Forensic Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to tackle human problems Applied Psychological Specialties

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Psychology Is Not Psychiatry Psychology Is Not Psychiatry Psychiatry: Medical specialty Holds an MD (Doctor of Medicine) Training in treatment of mental and behavioral problems Licensed to prescribe medicines Psychology: Broad field of study Holds a Ph.D (Doctor of Philosophy) Training emphasizes research methods Advanced study in specialization

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Pseudo-Psychology Pseudo-Psychology Erroneous assertions or practices set forth as being scientific psychology Horoscopes Handwriting analysis Fortune telling Subliminal messages

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Critical Thinking Skills: Six Questions to Ask 1.What is the source? 2.Is the claim reasonable or extreme? 3.What is the evidence? 4.Could bias contaminate the conclusion? 5.Does the reasoning avoid common fallacies? 6.Does the issue require multiple perspectives?

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What Are Psychology’s Six Main Perspectives? What Are Psychology’s Six Main Perspectives? Six main viewpoints dominate modern psychology: biological, cognitive, behavioral, whole- person, developmental, and sociocultural perspectives. Each perspective grew out of radical new concepts about mind and behavior.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Biological Whole-Person Developmental Cognitive Behavioral Sociocultural Six Modern Perspectives of Psychology

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What Determines Behavior? The brain, the nervous system, the endocrine system, and genes Fields of Study: Neuroscience Evolutionary Psychology Perspective Biological Cognitive Whole-Person Behavioral Developmental Sociocultural Sources: Rene Descartes

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved View of Human Nature: We are information-processing systems. What Determines Behavior? A person’s unique pattern of perceptions, interpretations, expectations, beliefs, and memories Sources: Wilhelm Wundt William James Perspective Biological Cognitive Whole-Person Behavioral Developmental Sociocultural

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved View of Human Nature: We respond to surroundings according to principles of behavioral learning. What Determines Behavior? The stimuli in our environment, and the previous consequences of our behaviors Sources: John B. Watson B. F. Skinner Perspective Biological Cognitive Whole-Person Behavioral Developmental Sociocultural

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What Determines Behavior? Psychodynamic: processes in our unconscious minds Source: Sigmund Freud Humanistic: our innate needs to grow and to fulfill our best possible potential Sources: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow Trait and temperament: unique personality characteristics that are consistent over time and across situations Source: Ancient Greeks Perspective Biological Cognitive Whole-Person Behavioral Developmental Sociocultural

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What Determines Behavior? The Interaction of heredity and environment, which unfolds in predictable patterns throughout the lifespan Sources: Mary Ainsworth Jean Piaget Perspective Biological Cognitive Whole-Person Behavioral Developmental Sociocultural

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What Determines Behavior? The power of the situation: social and cultural influences can overpower the influence of all other determining factors. Sources: Stanley Milgram Philip Zimbardo Perspective Biological Cognitive Whole-Person Behavioral Developmental Sociocultural Field of Study: Cross-cultural psychology

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Table 1.2 A Sampling of Women’s Contributions to Psychology Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

How Do Psychologists Develop New Knowledge? Psychologists, like all other scientists, use the scientific method to test their ideas empirically.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Empirical Investigation An approach to research that relies on sensory experience and observation as research data How Do Psychologists Develop New Knowledge? Scientific Method A four-step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control biases and subjective judgments Theory A testable explanation for a set of facts or observations

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Four Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Developing a hypothesis Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results Hypothesis A statement predicting the outcome of a scientific study; the relationship among variables Operational Definitions Exact procedures used in establishing experimental conditions and measurement of results The Four Steps of the Scientific Method

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Developing a hypothesis Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results Data Pieces of information gathered by a researcher to be used to test a hypothesis The Four Steps of the Scientific Method

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Developing a hypothesis Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results Based on statistical analyses of results, the hypothesis is accepted or rejected. The Four Steps of the Scientific Method

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Developing a hypothesis Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results The Four Steps of the Scientific Method The completed study is presented to the scientific community. Replicate Redoing an experiment to see if you get the same results

Figure 1.5 Four Steps in the Scientific Method Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Questions Science Cannot Answer The scientific method is not appropriate for answering questions that cannot be put to an objective, empirical test. Ethics Morality Preferences Aesthetics Existential issues Religion Law

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Five Types of Psychological Research Experiments Surveys Naturalistic Observations Case Studies Correlational Studies

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Types of Psychological Research Independent Variable Dependent Variable Experimental Group Control Group Random Assignment Experiments The researcher controls all conditions and directly manipulates the conditions.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Types of Psychological Research Positive Correlations Negative Correlations Zero Correlations Correlational Study The relationship between variables is studied, but without experimental manipulation of an independent variable; cause-and-effect relationships cannot be determined.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Types of Correlations

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Types of Psychological Research Political Pollsters Marketing Consultants Surveys A technique used in descriptive research; typically involves seeking people’s responses to a prepared set of verbal or written items

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Types of Psychological Research Childrearing Practices Shopping Habits Animal Behavior Naturalistic Observations A form of descriptive research involving behavior assessment of people or animals in their natural surroundings

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Types of Psychological Research Small Sample Size Lack of Control Limited Generalizability Case Studies Research involving a single individual (or, at most, a few individuals)

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Biases in Psychological Research Expectancy Bias The researcher allows his or her expectations to affect the outcome of a study Blind control Controlling Bias: Placebo: a sham “drug” or fake treatment Double-blind control: both participants and researchers are unaware of group assignment

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Ethical Issues in Psychological Research American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct Shields participants from potentially harmful procedures Ensures confidentiality Institutional Review Board (IRB) Examines all studies proposed

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Ethical Issues in Psychological Research Informed Consent Participants must be informed of all procedures, and any potential dangers, so they may opt out they so desire. Deception Allowable if no substantial risks are likely Animal Studies Specific guidelines need to be followed.