Chapter 3 Suffixes and Prefixes

Suffixes When a suffix begins with a vowel the combining “o” is not used

Pronunciation “g” and “c” are soft when followed by an “i” or “e” as in ginger or cent “g” and “c” are hard like in good or can when followed by an “o” or “a”

Plural Forms When a term ends in “us” the “us” is dropped and “i” is added to show the plural Staphylococcus……staphylococci- round bacterium that grows in small clusters Infections of the bones or kidneys are frequently caused by this bacterium Also causes boils, and skin abscesses Streptococcus……streptococci- round bacterium that grows in twisted chains Causes strep throat, rheumatic fever, sinus infections, kidney problems

More hints When two consonants begin a word (or suffix)…the first one is silent Pneumonia blepharoptosis

Hernia o/cele Bulging forth or protrusion of an structure Muscle, organs, tissues Rectocele- rectum protruding into the vagina Cystocele- bladder protruding into the vagina Omphalocele- protruding navel occurs at birth

-lapse To fall, sag or slide Prolapse- sliding forward or down

Blood Cells Erythrocytes- red blood cells carry oxygen to the cells Hemoglobin- iron containing protein that carries oxygen Produced in the bone marrow

Blood Cells Leukocytes- white blood cells Granulocytes- form in the bone marrow Three types Eosinophil- aid in allergic reactions Basophil- aid in inflammation Neutrophil- polymorhonuclear, phagocytes cells that engulf bacteria and break them down

Blood Cells Leukocytes- white blood cells Agranulocytes- produced in the lymph nodes and spleen Lymphocytes- T and B cells produce antibodies to destroy foreign cells and proteins (antigens) Monocytes- engulf and destroy debris leftover after the neutrophils have attacked cells Thrombocytes- platelets- blood clotting cells fragments

Other Blood Facts Antibodies- Produced by white blood cells …responsible for attaching to foreign cells and antigens Developed after exposure to bacteria and viruses and other antigens Vaccination for a disease Autoimmune developed in response to self Rh factor- this is a protein found on red blood cells some people have it and some don’t Important in pregnancy and blood transfusions and transplantation of organs

Blood Disorders Leukocytosis- increased number of (normal) circulating white blood cells Leukemia- increased number of abnormal white blood cells circulating- cancerous blood cells Anemia- means no blood, reduction in red blood cells or hemoglobin circulating Aplastic anemia- no formation of blood cells by the bone marrow

Circulation Basics Arteries carry blood away from the heart to arterioles Arterioles branch into capillaries Capillaries have thin walls that allow oxygen and other nutrients to leave and move into surrounding cells Venules connect to capillaries and pick up waste and dump into veins Veins carrry blood to the heart

Amniocentesis Amnion- sac that surrounds the developing fetus -centesis- puncture to remove fluid This procedure is done to determine genetic abnormalities in the developing fetus Cells removed during the procedure are cultured and then studied to determine the karyotype

Genetic Inheritance Congenital anomalies- defects one is born with some are genetic BUT not all. Environmental exposures can account for many problems Health habits of the parents also contribute (fetal alcohol syndrome) Genetic contributions to congenital defects are not always apparent in the parents

Karotype of Down’s Syndrome

Ultrasonography Use of ultrasound waves to produce an image of body structures Used to view developing fetus, heart, and other structures Used to determine if an ectopic pregancy has occurred (pregnancy outside the uterus) Useful in viewing the fetus to determine if congenital anomalies exist

Laparoscopy Peritoneoscopy Visual examination of the abdominal cavity Instrument is called a laparoscope Used to do exploratory surgery or remove appendix, gallbladder, repair hernias, perform tubial ligations and for performing biopsies

Other stuff…. Acromegaly- caused by high levels of growth hormones leads to large hands, feet and face Splenomegaly- enlarged spleen Achondroplasia- (failure to grow) bones are abnormally short

Endocrine glands Parathyroid- located on the dorsal surface of the thyroid glands- regulate blood calcium levels Ovaries and Testes- produce sex hormones and sex cells Adrenal Glands- endocrine glands located on the top of the kidneys (suprarenal glands) Produce epinephrine (adrenaline) creates changes in the circulatory system including heart rate and increased blood pressure Dilates the bronchial tubes

Male and Female Reproductive Systems Know the basic structures and surrounding structures (pubis symphysis, bladder, urethra, etc.) Transuretheral resection- removal of part of the prostate gland needed if hypertrophies occurs

More other Stuff Contralateral- on the opposite side of the body Ipsilaterial- on the same side of the body

Activities Vocabulary Flashcards Practical application All Exercises Pronunciation of Terms

Assessment Preview Path/o Peritone/o Lysis Gram Isch/o Laryng/o My Nephr Neutr Oste Ot Mamm/o Malacia Algia Ophthalm/o Megaly Iod Ac,iac Eal AryIa Mast/o Pneumon Angi/o Chem Chron/o Col Cyst/o Phleb Plas Myel Necr Ren/o Thromb Axill/o Bronch Lapar Muc Indicate the meaning of each word and whether it is a suffix, root, combining form, or prefix

Assessment Preview Abnormal condition of increase in white blood cells Weakened eyelid muscles Enlargement of the spleen Excessive growth of the hands, feet, and face after puberty Reduction in the number of erythrocytes or amount of hemoglobin Loss of normal blood flow to a region Swelling of the lymphatic tissue in the throat caused by streptococcal infection Infection caused by streptococcus bacteria Genetic disorder causing defective cartilage in the limbs Disease caused by a diplocccus infection A needle inserted through the abdomen, uterine and amnion to remove fluid for study A bulging or protrusion of an organ through a muscle wall Protrusion of rectum through the muscular wall of the vagina Hernia of the navel at birth Protrusion of bladder through the muscular wall of the vagina Mass of blood in the tissue Low number of red blood cells Surgical incision in the tube leading to the lungs Puncture of the cavity that contains the lungs Painful breathing Indicate the name of each condition/procedure and the medical professional that would treat the condition or perform the procedure.

Assessment Preview Erythrocyte Hemoglobin Leukocytes Granulocytes: Eosinophil Basophil Neutrophil Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes Monocytes Other Parts: Thrombocytes Plasma Indicate the function, description, and formation location for the following blood cells and parts.

Assessment Preview 1. –algia 2. –cele 3. –centesis 4. –coccus 5. –cyte 6. –dynia 7. –ectomy 8. –emia 9. –genesis 10. –genic 11. –gram 12. –graph 13. –graphy 14. –opsy 15. –megaly 16. – lysis 17. –it is 18. –oma 19. –malacia 20. –ology a. P.T. producing, produced by, or in b. Hernia c. berry shaped, bacterium d. Pain e. surgical puncture f. condition of producing, forming g. blood condition h. Pain i. Cell j. excision, removal, resection k. breakdown, destruction, separation l. tumor, mass, collection of fluid m. to view n. instrument for recording o. Inflammation p. Record q. study of u. Enlargement v. Softening w. Hardening x. drooping, sagging, prolapsed y. process of recording Match each suffix to its definition.

Assessment – Case Study In a word processing document or Powerpoint, translate the following to layman’s terms, using illustrations where necessary. 21 year old black female with a history of systemic lupus and chronic renal failure presented with decreased hemoglobin and heme positive stools. On nuclear scintigraphy, increased tracer uptake was noted in the region of the stomach throughout 3 hours of the study without distal progression likely secondary to gastritis (NUCIMAGE). The patient was given sulfur colloid 500 uCi orally at 3 hours which confirmed that the abnormal uptake was indeed in the stomach (NUCIMAGE). Gastritis and duodenal ulcers were documented on upper endoscopy.

Assessment – Case Study In a word processing document or Powerpoint, translate the following to layman’s terms, using illustrations where necessary. Fragile X Syndrome A 27-year-old woman presents to clinic with her 7 year-old-son. He was born at term weighing 7 pounds and appeared normal. However, as he grew older he was noted to have developmental delay, and was noted to have several "dysmorphic features." He was placed in "special education" classes in school. On physical examination you noted that he had a long face, large ears, lax joints and large testes. His face was somewhat narrow with a prominent jaw. The family history revealed normal parents and a normal developing sister. Routine chromosomal analysis (450 bands) was noted to be normal. Upon review of this data you conclude that this child may have a form of X-linked mental retardation known as the Fragile X syndrome. The fragile X marker was recognized to depend on culture of cells in low folic acid medium prior to karyotype. Subsequently, the fragile site on the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq27) was shown to be expanding triplet repeat mutation (the FMR-1 gene).