6 Kingdoms of Life Part 2: Plants and Animals

Asexual vs. Sexual Recall that all organisms reproduce either sexually or asexually Sexual- there is a combining of genes from 2 parents but NOT always with egg and sperm (meiosis followed by fertilization) Asexual- the offspring are reproduced by copying the DNA of one parent (binary fission or budding)

Plant Kingdom All plants are multicellular Their cells have a cell wall--cellulose Autotrophs-make own carbs for energy through photosynthesis Can reproduce sexually, asexually, or both

What Plants Need to Survive… Sunlight Water Vitamins/Minerals Gas Exchange (O2 and CO2) A method of transport to move water and other materials to all parts of plant. 4

What Plants Need to Survive… Phototropism- a method of homeostasis and response to a light stimulus in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction of the light source. Can plants move?

General Life Cycle Plants Two alternating phases: 1) Diploid Phase—2 copies of all genes (Sporophyte) -Sporophyte makes spores by meiosis. -Spores develop into gametophyte form of plant. 2) Haploid Phase– 1 copy of all genes (Gametophyte) -Gametophyte produces male and female gametes by mitosis—makes more haploid cells. -Gametes eventually join to form sporophyte. 8

Alternating Phases: Plant Life Cycle 9

Example of a Plant Life Cycle 10

Evolutionary Trends and Plants… Ancestors of 1st plants were multicellular green algae. Plants have evolved specific adaptations to help them survive in a variety of different climates. There are four major groups of plants which are separated by three distinct features: Water conducting tissue (vascular). Seeds Flowers 11

4 Major Groups of Plants GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS PTERIDOPHYTES BRYOPHYTES PTERIDOPHYTES Green Algae Ancestor 12

1. Plant groups by vascular tissue Bryophytes (Moss) Pteridophytes (Ferns) Gymnosperms (Cone bearing plants) Angiosperms (Flowering plants) NO VASCULAR TISSUE VASCULAR TISSUE 13

Vascular Plants Vascular- internal transportation system Xylem – water carrying tubes Phloem – sugar carrying tissues Enabled plants to evolve into larger specimens. Pteridophytes (Ferns), angiosperms and gymnosperms are all vascular

Nonvascular Plants Simplest of all land dwelling plants Bryophytes Nonvascular (no “veins”)-lack an internal means for water transportation Obtain/transfer water by osmosis Grow moist, shaded areas No true roots, leaves, stems Rhizoids anchor plant to ground

2. Plants Groups by Seeding Bryophytes (Moss) Pteridophytes (Ferns) Gymnosperms (Cone bearing plants) Form seeds in “cones.” Angiosperms (Flowering plants) Form seeds inside of “flowers.” NO SEEDS SEED PLANTS 16

Seed Plants Seed plants do not require water for reproduction like mosses so can live in most environments Seed plants produce “pollen” which is the male gamete and ovaries (ovules) which are female Pollen is extremely small and light and is easily carried by wind or small animals 17

Seeds Plant gametes: Egg and sperm (pollen) of plant join together to form seed Seeds are embryos of seed plants encased in a protective coating and surrounded by a food supply. 18

Bryophytes Do not produce seeds, but have egg and sperm only which must meet to form a new bryophyte. Require water for fertilization to transport gametes 19

Pteridophytes (Ferns) No seeds—have egg and sperm join and produce spores Contain vascular tissue 1st true land plants 20

Gymnosperms Means “naked seed” Oldest vascular, seed-producing plants

Gymnosperms Seeds are exposed Most common are “conifers” (spruce, firs, pines, etc.). Most have needles instead of leaves. Most conifers are “evergreens” meaning they keep their needles (leaves) year round. 22

- Means “enclosed seed” Angiosperms - Means “enclosed seed” Flowering Most common of all land plants

3. Plant groups by flowers Bryophytes (Moss) Pteridophytes (Ferns) Gymnosperms (Cone bearing plants) Form seeds in “cones.” Angiosperms (Flowering plants) Form seeds inside of “flowers.” NO FLOWERS FLOWERS 24

Flowers Angiosperms are the only flowering plants Flowers attract animals to support pollination (very efficient) Seeds develop inside ovary within a “flower” After “fertilization” seed within flower develops into “fruit” Angiosperms are typically classified in two groups: Monocots Dicots 25

Life Spans of Angiosperms Annuals- survive one season Biennials- take 2 years to complete life cycle Perennials- live many years 26

Animalia Kingdom All animals are: Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall Heterotrophs Capable of movement at some point in their lives. 95% of all animals are invertebrates

Criteria for Animal Classification Skeletal Characteristics Invertebrates -have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton Vertebrates have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Major phylums of animals are…

Nine major phyla of animals: Poriferans (sponges) Cnidarians (jellyfish) Flatworms (tapeworm) Roundworms (heartworm) Annelids (earthworm) Mollusks (clam) Arthropod (grasshopper) Echinoderm (starfish) Chordate (human) More c omplex Invertebrates

Porifera Sponges Invertebrates Sponges are filter feeders and depend on the movement of water to obtain nutrients/oxygen Digestion is intracellular –no stomach Reproduce asexually by budding or sexually through egg and sperm

Cnidarians Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers. . . Their stinger is called a nematocyst Invertebrates Belizes coral reef

Mollusks Octopi, squid, clams, oysters, snails, slugs Invertebrates Reproduce sexually Cool Octopus video

Platyhelminthes (flat worms) Tapeworms & Liver Fluke & Planaria Hermaphrodites-fertilize their own sex cells internally then zygotes are released into water to hatch Invertebrates Sexual or asexual reproduction Human liver fluke

Nematodes (roundworms) Heartworms, hookworm, pinworms One of the most diverse animal phyla Many are parasites Sexual reproduction

Annelids (segmented worms) Worms & leeches Invertebrates Worms mating

Echinoderms Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers They have a hard exoskeleton under their skin Invertebrates

Arthropods Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS! Invertebrates—have exoskeleton Reproduce sexually

Chordates All other animals that have a backbone of some form Vertebrates

Trends in Animal Evolution Complex animals tend to have… Specialized cells and organs Bilateral body symmetry A definite head with sensory organs (cephalization) A body cavity Complex embryonic development

Trend #1: Specialized Cells and Organs The more complex the animal, the more “specialized” its cells become. Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ system. Some animals have no organs!

Trend #2: Body Symmetry With the exception to sponges, every animal exhibits one of two types of body symmetry: Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry

Radial Symmetry Imaginary plane can pass through a central axis in any direction

Single plane can divide the body into two equal halves Animals with bilateral symmetry have a right and left side and usually have segmented bodies Bilateral Symmetry

Trend #3: Cephalization Animals with bilateral symmetry have a definite head Cephalization is the concentration of sense organs and nerve cells in the anterior end (front end) of the body Animals with this trait tend to respond in more complex ways to their environment

Trend #4: Body Cavity Formation Most animals have a body cavity in which all major organs are attached. This area is called a coelom Provides room for organs to grow and expand Less complex animals do not have this area. They are called acoelomates

Trend #5 Embryo Development During gastrulation, cells begin to differentiate (specialize).

Worms, mollusks, arthropods, etc.  Chordates and Echinoderms 

Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes In protostomes (worms, mollusks, and arthropods), blastopore develops into mouth. In deuterostomes (echinoderms and chordates), blastopore develops into anus. Three layers of embryonic cells (germ layers): Endoderm – Develops into digestive and respiratory tracts. Mesoderm – Develops into muscles, heart, sex organs, and kidneys. Ectoderm – Develops into brain, sense organs, and skin.