I. Animals A. Overview 1. 5th Kingdom (old system) 2. 10th Kingdom (new system) 3. > Million Species

4. Why so much on animals? a. Diverse Forms b. Diverse Functions c. Much known d. similarities to us

B. Animal Characteristics 1. Multicellular a. multicellular strategy occurs many times - colonial protists - algae - plants - fungi - animals b. differ from many unicellular protists

B. Animal Characteristics 2. Eukaryotic a. different from bacteria

2. Eukaryotic b. Lack Cell Walls - membrane is phospholipid bilayer - Differ from plants, fungi

B. Animal Characteristics 3. Heterotrophic a. require ingestion of preformed organic molecules - depend on autotrophs for food - directly or indirectly b. NO photosynthetic bodies

B. Animal Characteristics 4. Locomotion a. Most capable of some form of locomotion - actively moving around b. Occurs at some stage in the life cycle

II. Invertebrates A. SPONGES (Parazoa) 1. loose federation of cells 2. Eumetazoa - all other animals (including vertebrates) - true tissues

II. Invertebrates A. Sponges (Phylum Porifera) 1. Only member of Parazoa 2. No distinct tissues a. Cellular level of organization b. Division of labor among cells

B. Eumetazoa 1. all other animals 2. true tissues 3. Radiata a. Radial symmetry Parazoa (sponges) Radiata Eumetazoa

3. Radiata a. Radial Symmetry - symmetrical around central axis i. Like wheel or pie - have a top and bottom i. Oral (mouth) ii. Aboral (opposite side of mouth) - good for animals that are less active i. Sessile (stay in one place) ii. Drifting or weak swimming

3. Radiata b. Cnidarians - Hydra - Jellyfish - Sea Anemones/corals Polyp StageMedusa Stage

4. Bilateria a. Bilateral Symmetry - central plane - some radial adults i. bilateral stage (e.g sea urchins)

b. Triploblastic - have three germ layers in developing embryos i. endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm - germ layers become specialized tissues - Radiata - diploblastic (2) i. No mesoderm Endoderm digestive tract Mesoderm muscles most organs Ectoderm body covering

C. Body Cavities 1. In Triploblastic animals (3 developmental layers) 2. 3 groups 3. Based on presence of fluid filled space in tissues

4. Acoelomates a. no body cavity b. flatworms

5. Pseudocoelomates a. Coelomic space -between mesoderm and endoderm - 7 Phyla

6. Coelomates a. True Coelom within mesoderm b. 2 major groups

D. Coelomate Invertebrates 1. Mollusks a. Foot b. visceral mass c. mantle (often produces shell) d. radula (scraping structure for eating)

Chitons e. Common Mollusk Groups Bivalves (clams, oysters, Muscles, scallops) Gastropods Snails, slugs Cephalopods (squid, octopus)

2. Annelids (Segmented worms) Leeches Polychaete Worms Earthworms

3. Arthropods a. Exoskeleton - molting growth b. Segmented body - fused segments (tagmata) c. jointed appendages

d. Arachnids (Class Arachnida) Ticks Scorpions Spiders Mites

- four pairs of walking legs - Chelicerae i. capture1st pair of appendages ii. biting mouth parts - feeding iii. claw-like - Pedipalps i. 2nd pair of appendages ii. used in prey - 2 tagmata (body sections) i. cephalothorax (fusion of head and thorax) ii. abdomen

Barnacles Crab Shrimp Fairy shrimp e. Crusteceans (Subphylum Crustecea) - antennae - 2 pair - Biramous appendages Lobster

f. Centipedes and Millipedes (Subphylum Myriopoda) Millipedes - two pairs walking legs/segment - pairs of segments fused - generally eat plant matter Centipedes - antennae - 1 pair walking legs/segment - terrestrial carnivores i. modified 1st legs - fangs

g. Insects (Subphylum Hexapoda - Class Insecta)

- outnumber all other forms of life combined - 26 orders - explosion of diversity with evolution of flight

- Three segments i. Head - 1 pair antennae ii. Thorax - 3 pairs of segmented walking appendages - Uniramous iii.. Abdomen

Indirect Development i. egg, larva, pupa, adult ii. larval stage different from adult iii. requires metamorphosis Direct Development i. juvenile has adult form ii. egg, nymph, adult

4. Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata) a. Marine b. Secondary radial symmetry (larvae bilaterally semetric) c. Endoskeleton Sea LiliesSea Cucumbers Sea Stars Brittle Stars Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars