Kingdom Animalia Invertebrates

What is an animal? Cell Type: Tissues: Heterotrophic: Motile: Eukaryotic Tissues: Organization of cells to fulfill a specific purpose Multicellular Heterotrophic: Must consume food Motile: Can Move at some point in development

Animal Characteristics Movement: All animals can move at some time within development Some are stationary during adulthood SESSILE Most have free moving parts during this stage however Ex. Sponge

Animal Characteristics Energy: Animals are highly organized and require a great deal of energy What type of energy do animals use? ATP What must an animal get to convert into ATP? Food + Oxygen ATP + H2O + CO2

Animal Characteristics Energy What systems are involved with this energy? Digestive – Food Respiratory – Oxygen Circulatory – Transport to cells Animal development is key to energy efficiency. How these systems function and are developed is key to the abilities of the animal

Animal Characteristics Wastes: Animals must have systems to dispose of waste products Egestion

Animal Characteristics Special Senses Animals have a unique adaptations to sense their environment Examples Hearing – Sight – Touch – Taste – Smell Lateral Line in fish Light sensor in lizards

Animal Characteristics Reproduction Most animals reproduce using Sexual Use Egg and Sperm combining Internal - Mammals External - Fish

A fertilized egg A hollow ball of cells The movement of cells inward Digestive tract and respiratory system Develop into the mouth or anus depending on animal type Skin, Sense organs and nerves

Animalia Milestones There are 4 major milestones that diverge animals from each other: Tissue Development Body Symmetry Internal Body Cavities Embryonic Developmental

Tissue Development Which separates the sponges from the rest of the kingdom is the development of specialized tissues Like muscles Intestinal Skin Sponges are animals because of their similarities to the others in larval form.

Body Plans - Symmetry -3 Basic Types An animal’s body plan that allows it to move and obtain food is called its symmetry. Asymmetrical Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry

Asymmetry These organisms do not have a set body plan and have irregular shapes Most often are water animals and are sessile Ex. Sponge or Coral

Radial Symmetry These are organism that can be cut in many different ways along a certain plane and have two equal halves Ex. Starfish, Anemone

Bilateral Symmetry This type of organism can be divided in half down its length and have two identical parts. They have different shapes for the head or anterior end and the tail or posterior end. The ventral or belly side is also different or distinct from the back or dorsal side. Allowed for the development of body cavities that hold the vital organs. Allows for more complex animals and organ systems. 

Internal Body Cavities Digestive tract from mouth to anus = Complete Digestive Tract Acoelomates: No cavities Tissue filled body (ex. Flatworms) Pseudocoelomates: Partial cavities Body doesn’t have a complete linings (ex. Nematoda- Roundworms) Coeloms: Complete internal cavities Body has complete linings (ex. Annelida,Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chordata)

Protection and Support Three Types of Skeleton Systems Hydrostatic skeleton: Using water to create a harder body form. Ex. Earthworm, Jellyfish, Tapeworms Exoskeleton: When the animal has a hard outer surface. Most Common in invertebrates Endoskeleton: Has a rigid support inside the body Most common in vertebrates

Hydrostatic skeleton

Exoskeleton

Endoskeleton

Porifera (Pore Baring): Sponges Designed to pump water through the organism Osculum: Opening at the top Collar Cells: Flagellated cells Filter Feeders Spicule or Spongin skeleton

Spicule Osculum Collar Cells

Reproduction Asexual: Budding Regeneration Gemmule Sexual: Hermaphrodite

Cnidarians (Stinging Cells): Jellyfish, Corals, Hydra, Sea anemones Soft body with a hollow central cavity and nervous system Have cnidocytes= Stinging cells Muscular body that helps in movement Have tentacles Carnivores – Use specialized body to obtain food

Cnidocyte

Reproduction Combination of both sexual and asexual (Alternation of Generations)

Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms) Flatworms: Planarian, Flukes, Tapeworms Parasitic worms: Absorb nutrients from host Complex life cycles adapted to infect the host Bilateral Symmetry Acoelomates

Nematodes: (Roundworms) Roundworms – Mostly parasitic Obtain nutrients from host Bilaterally Symmetrical Pseudocoelomates

Nematoda

Nematoda

Mollusks (Soft body): Snails, Slugs, Scallops, Squid, Octopus Body Plan: Mantel Muscular foot Visceral mass (organs) Different ways to obtain food: Sessile = filter feeders Land = herbivores Predatory = eat other organisms Reproduction is usually sexual – internal or external fertilization of eggs

Annelids (Segmented Worms): Earthworms, leeches Hydrostatic skeleton with muscles External structures For movement (setae) Sense receptors (light, water) Waste removal structures – nephridium Gas exchange through the skin Most hermaphroditic: cannot self fertilize

Arthropods (Jointed Appendages): Insects, Spiders, Crustaceans Most diverse group – Found everywhere Segmented bodies Jointed appendages Exoskeleton Complex muscular and nervous system Gas exchange through gills, or lung like tissue Sexual and asexual (budding) reproduction

Echinoderms (Spiny Skin) Starfish, brittle star, sea cucumber, sand dollar, sea urchins Radial Symmetry Body Structures: Spiny skin Endoskeleton Water vascular system (help with suction) Most eat other creatures – carnivores Sexual reproduction