Where does the majority of the mass go from the food you eat? coordinate plane- (‘co ‘or di nate plane)-the plane consisting of the “x” axis and the “y”axis You could graph your age in years (x) and your height in inches (y) in a coordinate plane to get a visual picture of how your height has changed over the years. Where does the majority of the mass go from the food you eat?

The majority of the mass from food you eat gets exhaled as carbon dioxide!! Don’t believe me?

ENERGY All organisms need energy in order to carry out their every day functions. Such as breathing, walking, running, eating, thinking, growing, etc. However, this energy has to come from somewhere. Organisms are specialized to make this energy!

Every organism needs ATP! Adenosine TriPhosphate What is energy in biology? ATP Every organism needs ATP! Adenosine TriPhosphate 2009-2010

ATP = Adenosine tri phosphate When energy is needed, the bond between the last two phosphates breaks, releasing a burst of energy P P P Adenosine ENERGY

Producers and Consumers Producers: can make their own food/energy Consumers: must eat other organisms in order to make energy

Reactions / Chemical equations Reactants = Materials in = Written on the left of the arrow Products = Materials out = Written on the right of the arrow Reactants  Products A + B  C + D Reactants Products

2 cellular processes make Atp Cellular Respiration Done by all living animals Happens in the Mitochondria Makes ATP from breaking down food Photosynthesis Done by plants Happens in the Chloroplast Makes ATP from sunlight Some ATP is used for food for the plant

Energy Reactions Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 36 ATP Photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Which are the reactants and which are the products?

Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Occurs in plants; in chloroplasts Reactants: 6 H20, 6 CO2, sunlight Products: 1 glucose C6H12O6; 6 O2 Cellular respiration Occurs in all eukaryotic cells; in mitochondria Reactants: 1 glucose C6H12O6; 6 O2 Products: 6 H2O, 6 CO2, 38 ATP

Location of Reactions Cellular Respiration: Photosynthesis:

Cellular Respiration Purpose: to break down glucose Remember: glucose is a carbohydrate Carbohydrates provide quick energy Can be done with or without oxygen With Oxygen: Aerobic Respiration Without Oxygen: Anaerobic Respiration Energy Glucose

Cellular Respiration Glucose is turned into energy during cellular respiration. Where does this glucose come from?? From the food that we eat! The food is broken down in the stomach then glucose is absorbed in the blood It travels to the mitochondria for CR.

Cellular Respiration – 3 Steps C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 36 ATP 1. Glycolysis Happens in the cytoplasm Glucose is split in half Makes 2 ATP 2. Kreb’s Cycle Happens in Mitochondria Breaks down Glucose further 3. Electron Transport Chain Uses O2 Gas Makes 32 ATP

Glycolysis: GlucosePyruvate Series of reactions which break the 6-carbon glucose molecule down into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate Gives off 2 ATP molecules for every one glucose molecule broken down Gives off 2 NADH per glucose molecule

Kreb’s Cycle: pyruvateco2 + h20 Completes the breakdown of glucose Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons) and breaks it down, the carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO2 and H2O Hydrogens and electrons are stripped and loaded onto NAD+ and FAD to produce NADH and FADH2 (these become important in next step) Production of only 2 more ATP but produced lots of H+ and electrons

Electron transport chain NADH and FADH2 pass the electrons down the ‘staircase They provide the energy needed to convert oxygen into water The final electron acceptor is oxygen, which takes on H+ protons to make water molecules This step creates a total of 32 ATP

What does anaerobic mean?

What does anaerobic mean? Without oxygen! When would be a time your body wouldn’t have enough oxygen?

With O2 present With O2 absent Cellular respiration Aerobic (with oxygen) Cellular Respiration Result: 36 ATP, 6 water, 6 oxygen molecules All eukaryotic life does this With O2 present Anaerobic (without oxygen) Fermentation Result: 2 ATP, bigger molecules (varies with type) All prokaryotes do this and some eukaryotes do when stressed With O2 absent

Cellular respiration: Fermentation 2 Types of Fermentation Lactic Acid fermentation Higher animals do this in muscles Result: 2 ATPs and lactic acid (may cause muscle cramps) Alcoholic fermentation Yeast cells and bacteria do this Result: 2 ATP, ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide (used in bread and beer/wine making)

Exit Ticket What is the difference between cellular respiration with oxygen and without oxygen? Discuss what each are named and how many ATPs are produced through each process. Based on that answer, why is it necessary that we have oxygen available to survive?

Energy Tally 36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb’s 2 ATP Electron Transport 32 ATP Total: 36 ATP

Back to the equation…. C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 38 ATP C6H12O6 (food we eat)+ 6 O2 (air we breathe) 6 H2O (liquid waste) + 6 CO2 (what we exhale) + 38 ATP (no mass)