The Evolution of Animal Diversity: Part 1- intro to animal kingdom Chapter 18 The Evolution of Animal Diversity: Part 1- intro to animal kingdom

ANIMAL EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY 18.1 What is an animal? Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs That ingest their food Figure 18.1A

What Is an Animal? What characteristics do all animals share? Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls.

Animals have the following types of tissues: What Is an Animal? Animals have the following types of tissues: epithelial muscular connective nervous

What Is an Animal? Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces. Muscle tissue cells contain proteins that enable them to contract, moving parts of animals’ bodies. Connective tissues support an animal’s body and connect its parts. Nervous tissue contains nerve cells, which carry information throughout the body.

What Is an Animal? Invertebrates make up 95% of all animal species. Invertebrates do not have a backbone, or vertebral column. They include sea stars, worms, jellyfishes, and insects.

What Is an Animal? The other 5% of animals are vertebrates. Vertebrates have a backbone. Vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

What Animals Do to Survive What essential functions do animals carry out?

What Animals Do to Survive Animals carry out the following essential functions: feeding respiration circulation excretion response movement reproduction

What Animals Do to Survive Many body functions help animals maintain homeostasis, or a relatively stable internal environment. Homeostasis is often maintained by internal feedback mechanisms called feedback loops. Most feedback loops involve feedback inhibition, in which the product or result of a process stops or limits the process.

What Animals Do to Survive Feeding Herbivores eat plants. Carnivores eat other animals. Omnivores feed on both plants and animals. Detritivores feed on decaying plant and animal material. Filter feeders are aquatic animals that strain tiny floating organisms from water.

What Animals Do to Survive Animals can also form symbiotic relationships, in which two species live in close association with each other.

What Animals Do to Survive Respiration Whether they live in water or on land, all animals respire—they take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.

What Animals Do to Survive Circulation Animals transport oxygen, nutrient molecules, and waste products among all their cells through either simple diffusion or some kind of circulatory system

What Animals Do to Survive Excretion Ammonia is a waste product of cells and a poisonous substance. Most animals have an excretory system that eliminates ammonia quickly or converts it into a less toxic substance that is removed from the body.

What Animals Do to Survive Response Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells, called nerve cells. In most animals, nerve cells form a nervous system. Receptor cells respond to sound, light, and external stimuli. Other nerve cells process information and determine how the animal responds.

What Animals Do to Survive Movement Some animals stay at a single spot, but most can move. Most animals have muscles or musclelike tissues. Muscle contraction enables motile animals to move around by working in combination with a support structure called a skeleton. Muscles also help even sedentary animals feed and pump water and fluids through their bodies.

What Animals Do to Survive Reproduction Most animals reproduce sexually. This helps to create and maintain genetic diversity in populations and improve species’ abilities to evolve when the environment changes. Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually. This produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. It allows animals to increase their numbers rapidly.

Trends in Animal Evolution What are the important trends in animal evolution?

Trends in Animal Evolution Complex animals tend to have: high levels of cell specialization and internal body organization bilateral body symmetry a front end or head with sense organs a body cavity

Trends in Animal Evolution Cell Specialization and Levels of Organization As animals have evolved, their cells have become specialized to carry out different functions. In multicellular organisms, each cell type has a structure and chemical composition that enable it to perform a specialized function.

Trends in Animal Evolution Groups of specialized cells form tissues. Tissues join together to form organs and organ systems—all of which work together to carry out a variety of complex functions.

Trends in Animal Evolution Early Development Animals that reproduce sexually begin life as a zygote, or fertilized egg.

Trends in Animal Evolution The zygote undergoes a series of divisions to form a blastula, a hollow ball of cells. During the early development of animal embryos, cells divide to produce a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. An opening called a blastopore forms in this ball. In protostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth. In deuterostomes, the blastopore forms an anus.

Trends in Animal Evolution The blastula folds in on itself, forming a single opening called a blastopore. The blastopore leads into a central tube that runs the length of the developing embryo. This tube becomes the digestive tract and is formed in one of two ways.

Development as either protostomes or deuterostomes

Trends in Animal Evolution A deuterostome is an animal whose anus is formed from the blastopore. The anus is the opening through which wastes leave the digestive tract. Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Blastopore Mouth During the early development of animal embryos, cells divide to produce a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. An opening called a blastopore forms in this ball. In deuterostomes, the blastopore forms an anus. Blastopore becomes anus

Trends in Animal Evolution A protostome is an animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore. Most invertebrate animals are protostomes. Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Blastopore Anus During the early development of animal embryos, cells divide to produce a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. An opening called a blastopore forms in this ball. In protostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth. Blastopore becomes mouth

Trends in Animal Evolution Echinoderms and vertebrates are both deuterostomes.

Trends in Animal Evolution This similarity in embryology may indicate that vertebrates have a closer evolutionary relationship to echinoderms than to other invertebrates.

May include a blastula, gastrula, and larval stage Animal development May include a blastula, gastrula, and larval stage Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Sperm 2 1 Egg Meiosis Zygote (fertilized egg) 3 Eight-cell stage Adult 8 Metamorphosis 4 Blastula (cross section) Digestive tract Ectoderm 5 Larva 7 Early gastrula (cross section) Endoderm 6 Future mesoderm Figure 18.1B Internal sac Later gastrula (cross section)

Trends in Animal Evolution During early development, the cells of most animal embryos differentiate into three layers called germ layers.

Trends in Animal Evolution The cells of the endoderm, or innermost germ layer, develop into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system. Only the label “endoderm” should appear on this slide. Endoderm

Trends in Animal Evolution The cells of the mesoderm, or middle layer, develop into muscles and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory organ systems. Mesoderm

Trends in Animal Evolution The ectoderm, or outermost layer, develops into the sense organs, nerves, and the outer layer of the skin. Ectoderm

18.2 The ancestor of animals was probably a colonial, flagellated protist Cells in these protists Gradually became more specialized and layered Somatic cells Digestive cavity Reproductive cells 1 Colonial protist, an aggregate of identical cells 2 Hollow sphere of unspecialized cells (shown in cross section) 3 Beginning of cell specialization (cross section) 4 Infolding (cross section) 5 Gastrula-like “proto-animal” (cross section) Figure 18.2A

Exploded during the Cambrian period Animal diversity Exploded during the Cambrian period Figure 18.2B

18.3 Animals can be characterized by basic features of their “body plan” Animal body plans May vary in symmetr y Top Bottom Dorsal surface Anterior end Posterior end Ventral surface Figure 18.3A

Trends in Animal Evolution Body Symmetry Except for sponges, every animal exhibits some body symmetry in its structure. Many simple animals, like the sea anemone, have body parts that repeat around the center of the body.

Trends in Animal Evolution Radial symmetry These animals exhibit radial symmetry, in which any number of imaginary planes can be drawn through the center, each dividing the body into equal halves. Animals with radial symmetry, such as the sea anemone, have body parts that extend from a central point. Planes of symmetry

Trends in Animal Evolution In animals with bilateral symmetry, only one imaginary plane can divide the body into two equal halves—left and right. Plane of symmetry Animals with bilateral symmetry, such as the crayfish, have distinct anterior and posterior ends and right and left sides. Bilateral symmetry

Trends in Animal Evolution The anterior is the front end. The posterior is the back end. Posterior end Anterior end Animals with bilateral symmetry, such as the crayfish, have distinct anterior and posterior ends and right and left sides. Bilateral symmetry

Trends in Animal Evolution The dorsal is the upper side. The ventral is the lower side. Dorsal side Ventral side Bilateral symmetry

Trends in Animal Evolution Bilateral symmetry allows for segmentation, in which the body is constructed of many repeated and similar parts, or segments. The combination of bilateral symmetry and segmentation is found in two successful animal groups—arthropods and vertebrates.

Trends in Animal Evolution Cephalization Animals with bilateral symmetry exhibit cephalization, which is the concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front end of the body.

Trends in Animal Evolution Animals with bilateral symmetry usually move with the anterior end forward, so this end comes in contact with new parts of the environment first. As sense organs have evolved, they have tended to gather at the anterior end, as have nerve cells that process information and “decide” what the animal should do.

Trends in Animal Evolution Body Cavity Formation Most animals have a body cavity, a fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and body wall. A body cavity provides a space in which internal organs can be suspended so that they are not pressed on by muscles or twisted out of shape by body movements.

Vary in body cavity Figure 18.3B–D Tissue-filled region Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue-filled region (from mesoderm) Digestive tract (from endoderm) Muscle layer Pseudocoelom Tissue layer lining coelom and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm) Coelom Digestive tract (from endoderm) Vary in body cavity Figure 18.3B–D