Body Planes, Directions, Cavities, and Regional Terminology An Introduction to Body Planes, Directions, Cavities, and Regional Terminology

Introduction LMAO! Anatomic reference systems describe the location and functions of body parts. The basic reference systems are: body planes body directions body regions body cavities

Objectives understand the how 3 body planes divide the human body Be able to use directional terminology in describing different areas of the body Identify and recognize body regions Gain a working understanding of body cavities and the organs they house

Anatomical Position and Regional Terms

Anatomical Position Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the body Right and left always refers to the sides belonging to the person or specimen being viewed – never to the viewer Note: four legged animals have a different anatomical position than humans Their ventral is on the inferior side and dorsal in on the superior side In humans ventral and anterior is the same and so is dorsal and posterior

Directional Terminology 1. Anterior = body parts on the front of the body 2. Posterior = body parts on the back of the body The frontal plane divides the body into “anterior” and “posterior” regions.

Directional Terminology Cranial or Superior = body parts near the head Caudal or Inferior = body parts located near the sacrum, or tail bone. Cranial Caudal

Directional Terminology Medial = body parts located near the middle or midline of the body 2. Lateral = body parts located away from the midline or middle of the body

Lateral and Medial Lateral referrs to

Directional Terminology Proximal = body parts close to the point of reference Distal = body parts away from the point of reference

In Summary…

What is a “Plane?” A “body plane”is an imaginary line drawn through the body which separates it into sections.

Body Planes: The Sagittal Plane -The Sagittal Plane Divides the body into right and left sides

Body Planes: The Frontal Plane The “Frontal Plane” divides the body into front and back section. The frontal plane is sometimes called the “Coronal Plane.”

Body Planes: The Transverse Plane The “transverse Plane” divides the body into sections above and below the midline.

The Orange activity Use a marker to label the top and bottom of your orange. Draw a line around the orange which represents the transverse plane. Label. Draw a line around the orange which represents the frontal or coronal plane. Label. Draw a line around the orange which represents the Sagittal Plane. Label.

The Orange activity Cut the orange in half along the transverse plane. When Finished, use a toothpick to put the orange back together. Cut the orange in half along coronal plane. When Finished, use toothpicks to put the orange back together. Cut the orange in half along the Sagittal Plane. When Finished, use toothpicks to put the orange back together.

Abdominal Regions: Quadrants 1. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) 2. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) 3. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) 4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Abdominal Regions: Epigastric Umbilical Pelvic Hypochondriac Lateral Inguinal

Abdominal Regions

Body Cavities: The Dorsal Cavity -A long continuous cavity that is located on the back (or posterior) of the body, divided into two sections Cranial Cavity = contains the brain Spinal Cavity = contains the spinal cord

Divisions of the Spinal Cord Cervical vertebrae: C Thoracic vertebrae: T Lumbar vertebrae: L Sacrum: S

Body Cavities: The Anterior Larger and separated into 2 distinct cavities by a dome-shaped muscle called the diaphragm, which is important for breathing. Thoracic Cavity = located in the chest, contains the heart, lungs, and the large blood vessels

Pericardial, Pleural, Peritoneal Figure 1.7

Body Cavities: The Anterior 2. Abdominal Cavity = divided into quadrants… Upper part contains the stomach, small intestines, most of the large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen 3. Pelvic Cavity = lower abdominal cavity containing urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and last part of the large intestines

Body Cavities: The Anterior

Body Cavities: Review

Practice Quiz: Can YOU Name these Body Cavities?

Body Cavities Cranial Thoracic Spinal Diaphragm Adbdominal Pelvic

That’s all Folks!

Clinical Anatomy: An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniqes Traditional more non-invasive method of diagnosis X-rays (electromagnetic waves) directed at the body Some x-rays are absorbed: amount of absorption depends on the density of matter encountered Radiograph image: negative Darker exposed areas represent soft organs (easily penetrated) Light, unexposed areas correspond to denser structures such as bones Contrast medium: solution with heavy elements (i.e. barium) Used to view soft tissue organs Advanced X-Ray techniques use computer-assisted imaging technologies

Radiography X ray: electromagnetic waves of very short length Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures Radiography Heart (a) Radiograph of the chest (b) Mammogram (cancerous tumor at arrow) Clavicles (collarbones) Air in lungs (black) Ribs Diaphragm Figure 1.10

Advanced Medical Imaging: Computed (Axial) Tomography (CT or CAT) Takes successive X rays around a person’s circumference Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the section Inferior vena cava Right Left Liver Colon Stomach Aorta Spleen kidney Thoracic vertebra View

Contrast X-rays Contrast media make hollow or fluid-filled structures visible Media can be introduced by injection, orally, or rectally Depends on the structure imaged Barium contrast x-ray showing a cancer of the ascending colon (arrow)

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) A contrast medium given: images taken ‘before’ and ‘after’ Computer processes the x-ray images and subtracts the differences Eliminates all traces of body structures that obscure the vessel Identify blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain Figure 1.12

PET (Positron Emission Tomography): accesses functional flow of blood to the heart & brain Produces images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body Decaying isotopes emits gamma rays Detected by sensors, translated into impulses and sent to a computer Active areas receiving more blood light up   Figure 1.13

Sonography (Ultrasound Imaging) Figure 1.14 Pulses of high frequency (ultrasonic) sound waves reflect (echo) off tissue Computer analyzes the echoes to construct sectional images Inexpensive/safer technique but not used for viewing air-filled structures or structures surrounded by bone

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) High-energy magnetic field causes protons (H+) in tissues and fluids to align in relation to the field Pulse of radio waves emitted to misalign H+ As they realign with the magnet a radio wave is again emitted Sensors ‘read’ these ion patterns, computerized signals produce detailed images of soft tissues

Endoscopy Endoscope: lighted instrument with lenses Used for visual examination of the inside of body organs or cavities Colonoscopy: interior of the colon Arthroscopy: interior of a joint Laparoscopy: interior of abdominopelvic organs Interior view of the colon as shown by colonoscopy