CHAPTER 9 Imposing Liberalism

TO WHAT EXTENT HAS THE IMPOSITION OF LIBERALISM AFFECTED ABORIGINAL GROUPS IN CANADA? Conflicting Ideologies Conflicting Land- Holding Ideologies Attempts at Assimilation Enfranchisement Indian Act White Paper Red Paper Contemporary Solutions Land claims Royal Commission

CONFLICTING IDEOLOGIES Humans Animals Plants Non-animate beings land Land Non-animate beings Plants Animals Humans Classical Liberalism Perspective First Nations Perspective

CONFLICTING IDEOLOGIES First Nations  Peoples place in the world – equal with other living things. Colonial European Gov. (classical liberalism)  Peoples place in the world - dominant overall living. Different philosophies (ideology) towards spiritual and societal beliefs created misunderstanding on issues of land ownership, progress, and change

CONFLICTING IDEOLOGIES

B.C. FIRST NATIONS CHIEF REJECTS PIPELINE, WANTS MEETING WITH PRENTICE

CONFLICTING LAND-HOLDING IDEOLOGIES (READ PAGE 307 – 308 TO ASSIMILATION)  Aboriginal communities did not believe that they “owned the land” more spiritual and holistic interpretation of living on the land  Europeans would have wanted to buy, own and divide up the land  Foreign concept for aboriginal people’s, private property, more communal of resources, stewardship of the land

ROOT CAUSES OF THE ATTITUDE THAT THE EUROPEANS BROUGHT TO TREATY NEGOTIATIONS?  Eurocentrism - perceived cultural superiority  Reliance on the value of written rules for government, citizens rights and trade  Cultural beliefs that differed from aboriginals.  Classical liberalist view - believed in private property defended by John Locke.

CAUSES OF A LARGE NUMBER OF LAND CLAIMS DIFFERENCES IN UNDERSTANDINGS OF HISTORICAL AGREEMENTS BETWEEN FIRST NATIONS AND THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT  Misunderstanding of terms of the treaties lead to a need for legal proceedings to interpret them.  Beliefs about the sovereignty of First Nations are not a question today – protection in the Charter of Rights.  Ethical consideration of fairness and equality are valued by Canadians.  First Nations are looked at differently today than in 19 th century – entitled to same rights, responsibilities, freedoms, and private property as others.  Modern perspective on negotiations between First Nations and Canadian government are distinct from previous views.

Residential Schools Enfranchisement & Gradual Civilization Act 1857 Denounce their Indian status – gain enfranchisement & 50 acres on reserve – land handed down. Resistance by the Aboriginals.  To costly for what was gained  Was something granted instead of something belonging to all member of society  Land grant would have little meaning. Rationale by the Gov.  Liberalist view (ultimate goal of citizenship)  Rights, freedoms, and material possessions Classical Liberalism

Indian Act (government legislation 1876)  Defined First Nations people (segregation)  Step back from 1763 Royal Proclamation (distinct peoples & nations with the right to negotiate as a sovereign nation) intended to end abuse.  Encourage abandonment of Indian status  Wards of the state

Voluntary Enfranchisement  Give up official Indian status Compulsory enfranchisement  University degree  Doctor  Lawyer  Religious minister  Women married a non- Aboriginal man  Vote in federal election  Join the Armed Forces

Attempts at Assimilation continued

THE WHITE PAPER 1968 VS. THE RED PAPER READ PAGES AND ADDITIONAL READING NOTE REASONING BEHIND EACH POLICY AND EACH SIDES VIEWS White Paper Trudeau 1.Abolish treaties, the Department of Indian Affairs and anything else that had kept First Nations and Inuit peoples distinct from the rest of the people in Canada. 2.Trudeau believed their unique status prevented First Nations and Inuit peoples from integrating into Canadian society. 3.By ending this unique status, First Nations and Inuit peoples would be able to “catch up” with the rest of society. Red Paper National Indian Brotherhood  White Paper was seen as an effort to assimilate First Nations and Inuit peoples into “mainstream” Canadian culture.  The Red Paper made a number of statements:  - Maintain the legislative and constitutional basis of Indian status.  - Respect the treaties. Can only be reviewed when all outstanding treaty issues have been settled and there is a consensus among First Nations and Inuit to make changes.  - Only First Nations and Inuit should be given the resources and responsibility to determine their own priorities and future.  - First Nations and Inuit should be allowed to control the land in a way that respects both their historical and legal rights.

Contemporary Solutions: Major concerns by first nations  Land claims  Fulfillment of treaty rights  Acting on the Royal Commission on Aboriginal peoples

BRINGING LIBERALISM TO THE WORLD  Read authors point of view top of page 318  What support and drawbacks to liberalism does Parekh state?  Under what conditions is a country justifying the imposing of its political ideology on another country?

Self-interest: Self-interest:  reduce terrorist threats  Economic self-interest Humanitarianism: Humanitarianism:  Moral / ethical reasons  Improve living conditions  Halt human rights violations

EXAMPLESIMPOSING LIBERALISM (SELF-INTEREST) EXAMPLES IMPOSING LIBERALISM (SELF-INTEREST)  Imperialism– economic / eurocentrism  WWI Treaty of Versailles – democracy / self-determination / security  WWII Marshall Plan economic / security  Kuwait 1991 Gulf war / economic / violation of Kuwaiti territorial integrity  1998 Iraq Liberation Act "to establish a program to support a transition to democracy in Iraq." in response to the non-compliance to inspection nuclear weapons  2001 Oct. 7 th Afghanistan Invasion “Operation Enduring Freedom “War on Terrorism”  2003 Iraq “Operation Iraqi Freedom” Invasion weapons of mass destruction / security

IMPOSING LIBERALISM  Do you agree or disagree with the justification for foreign intervention expressed in the quote by Lynn Jones ?pg 319/20  How important do you think the “bonds of common humanity” are in forming the foreign policies of countries such as the United States and Great Britain?  Political cartoon fig who and what policy does the shark symbolize?  Is restricting economic activity a legitimate means of encouraging modern liberal principles in foreign countries?  How can this cartoon be used as an example of illegitimate and legitimate support of encouraging modern liberal principles in a foreign county?

CANADA’S INVOLVEMENT IN AFGHANISTAN  Read pg. 323 & 324 Voices and supplied reading  Which of the quotes in “Voices” do you believe is the most realistic assessment of the situation in Afghanistan?  What reasons do you have for your choice?  How do you think most Afghan citizens view the presence of foreign troops in their country?  Do you think Canada has a responsibility to protect the new democratic system in Afghanistan? If so, What limits, if any, should be placed on that responsibility?

REACTIONS TO FOREIGN LIBERALISM Are there circumstances in which a country's stability and public security are more important than its citizen’s right to democratic self- determination?  Economic turmoil  natural disasters  threats from other countries  periods of violence  food and security are more important than a ballot

REACTIONS TO FOREIGN LIBERALISM - Have no right or authority to interfere in the domestic policy of Zimbabwe - Attempting to enforce liberalist views without the consent of the people. - Problems are a legacy of imperialism - Coalition government in response to Western Liberalist views - Conflicting ethnic views created the conditions to set the Rwanda genocide into motion. Claimed m ulti-party elections are ineffective in Africa. - Cultural differences (tribalism) - Religion - Regionalism - Economic disparity - Partisanship (devoted or bias in their support for a party, group or cause) Robert Mugabe 1987 – Present Zimbabwe Juvenal Habyarimana Rwanda Yoweri Museveni 1986 – Present Uganda

Economic mismanagement, corruption, and brutal repression, illegal elections In reaction to human rights violations the Bush administration legislated the Zimbabwe Democracy Act " The situation in Zimbabwe endangers the southern African region and threatens to undermine efforts to foster good governance and respect for the rule of law throughout the continent." ~ USA presidential spokesman Reactions by Liberalism Robert Mugabe 1987 – Present (Zimbabwe)

Ran the country primarily as dictator for 20 years Under pressure from the United Nations and Western Countries to establish a collation Gov Killed in a plane crash 1994 Reactions by Liberalism Juvenal Habyarimana (Rwanda)

Supported by the west for overthrowing Idi Amin 1979 (liberalist values) Brought relative stability and economic growth to a country that has endured decades of government mismanagement, rebel activity and civil war. His tenure has also witnessed one of the most effective national responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa. Invaded the Congo (5 mil. Deaths), abolished presidential term 1/3 live in poverty Reactions by Liberalism Yoweri Museveni 1986 – Present (Uganda)

DEMOCRATIC POWER GROWS FROM WITHIN A COUNTRY NOT BY IMPOSITION. SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT?  Rapid ideological shifts within a country require major social change and commitment – move towards democratic liberalism would require the individuals to embrace free and fair elections.  Elections can only be free, fair and represent the will of the people if the people are informed, open to dialogue, and receptive and tolerant of diverse views and perspectives.

Elections, need to be effective, should not be a front for authoritarian practices, but be one aspect of democratic practice. Respect for the will of the people Responsibility of the government to rule of law Protections for individuals rights and freedoms Multi-party elections Non-violent actions by the government, and non-government organizations Foreign government reforms may exacerbate the existing friction and conflict. Ignores domestic state of affairs In order to implement Ideological change