Limb Anatomy Azami PHD

Definitions Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open” Study of the structure of the body, either regionally or systematically Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the function of organs and organ systems

History of Anatomy Probably began with early examinations of sacrifice victims. First documented by Egyptians ~1600 BC Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed organs (including blood vessels)

Hippocrates (~370 BC) Greek physician who studied anatomy “Father of Anatomy” Hippocratic oath taken by doctors at graduation

Galen 2nd Century AD Compiled anatomical studies of earlier writers Also performed vivisection on animals

Medicine during Medieval Times (5th -15th ) When Rome fell, little was done to advance the studies. Cadavers were no longer used Avicenna (ابن سینا یا پورسینا)

16th Century Contributions Began to compile extensive drawings of dissections of executed cadavers

17th and 18th centuries Few dissections were allowed Only certain scientists were allowed to perform them Doctors literally traveled from dissection to dissection

19th Century Began studying developmental anatomy England became the center of anatomical research Anatomy Act of 1832 provided adequate supply of corpses Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858 (for traveling doctors)

Modern Anatomy CAT scans, X-rays, Genetic tests, MRI

Anatomy definition A branch of morphology which deals with the structure of organisms. Study of the structures of the body and their relationship to one another. This is generally divided into: Gross anatomy (that which can be seen with the naked eye) Histology (miscroscopic anatomy & internal structure of cells) Embryology (the developing organism within the uterus)

Gross Anatomy Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by organ system Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Organ systems - 1 Integument (skin) Skeleton Muscles Nervous system Central (brain and spinal cord) Peripheral (the peripheral nerves) Endocrine (glands)

Organ systems - 2 Cardiovascular (heart, arteries and veins) Lymphatic (lymph vessels and nodes) Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive (male/female)

Anatomical terminology This generally relates to: Names of the organ systems or regions Names of body organs or their parts Anatomical planes Anatomical locations

Anatomical planes

Anatomical Planes Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts Coronal or frontal– divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Horizontal or transverse (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Anatomical planes - 1 Median or mid-saggital plane Passing from front to back in the long axis of the body IN the midline.

Anatomical planes - 2 Saggital: Saggital – divides the body into right and left parts

Saggital plane

Anatomical planes - 3 Coronal or frontal: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Coronal Plane

Anatomical planes - 4 Horizontal or transverse (cross section) : divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Horizontal Plane

Body Planes 1 2 3

Anatomical positions - 1 1. Cranial toward the head 2. Caudal - toward the feet 3. Medial - toward the middle 4. Lateral - toward/from the side 5. Proximal - toward the attachment of a limb 6. Distal - toward the finger/toes 7. Superior - above 8. Inferior - below

Anatomical positions - 2

Anatomical movements - 1 1. External rotation 2. Internal rotation 3. Supination 4. Pronation 5. Eversion 6. Inversion 7. Adduction 8. Abduction

Anatomical movements - 2 Flexion/Extension

Other anatomical terms Volar(relating to the palm of hand) Plantar (the sole of the foot) Superficial (towards the surface) Deep (towards the centre)

Movements Flexion Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones Extension Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones Hyperextension Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

Movements

Movements Adduction Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Movements Prone Lying face down Supine Lying face up Supination Pronation Supine Lying face up Supination

Movements Retraction Moving a part backward Protraction Moving a part forward

Movements Rotation Turning on a single axis Circumduction Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder Internal rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline External rotation Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline

Movements Lateral Flexion Side-bending left or right

Visualising Anatoomy Cadaver Atlas Models Plastination 3D Model

Visualising the living subject There are a number of ways of visualising the anatomy of a living subject: Surface anatomy Medical imaging Using scopes Surgery

Radiological terminology -1 Imaging techniques: X-ray computed axial tomography (CAT) CT scan Ultrasound scans (Sonography) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) computed axial tomography

Radiological terminology - 2 X-rays depend on the difference in absorption of x-rays by various tissues. Radiopaque means a lot of x-ray energy is absorbed (causing the fils to be WHITE) Like: bone, teeth, metal implants Radiolucent means little energy is absorbed (causing the film to be BLACK) Like: air, fat

Radiological terminology - 3 Plain film X-ray without the use of artificial contrast. Contrast film X-ray where radiopaque contrast has been introduced into a cavity, space or vessel. Examples: Angiogram (x-ray of arteries, e.g. of the heart) Venogram (x-ray of veins, e.g. of the legs) Barium meal (x-ray of the upper digestive tract) Myelogram (x-ray of the spinal cord and spinal nerves)

QUIZ

Range of Motion Hip _Abduction_________________ Hip _Adduction_________________ Hip _Flexion___________________ Knee _Extension________________ Wrist _Extension________________ (a) _Hyperextension_____________ (b) _Flexion____________________ Knee _Flexion__________________ Ankle ______________ Forearm (a) _Supination__________ Forearm (b) _Pronation__________ Shoulder _Circumduction_________ Shoulder _Elevation_____________ Jaw _Protraction________________ Shoulder _Rotation______________ Hip __________________________ Knee ________________________ Ankle ________________________ Wrist _________________________ (a) __________________________ (b) __________________________ Forearm (a) ___________________ Forearm (b) ___________________ Shoulder ______________________ Jaw __________________________

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