Presenter ： Bo-Ying Syu Adviser ： Dr. Pei-Jarn Chen Data ： 2013/6/5

 Introduction  Papers Review  Material and Methods  Future works  References

 Spinal Cord Injury  Incidence of 40 new cases per million people throughout the world each year  Mean age : 28.6 years old  Sensory and autonomic dysfunctions, the degree of which is characteristic for the severity of the SCI Introduction ( 1 / 6 )

 Experimental studies of pharmacology, neuropathology and pathophysiology commonly measure the motor function of rats.  The behavioural performance can be used as an index for neural disease process or therapy efficiency. Introduction ( 2 / 6 )

 Use Aneurysm-clip with spinal cord damage  Destruction of parts T7 、 T8 、 T9 Thoracic Vertebrae Introduction ( 3 / 6 )

Measurement methods Locomotor testsSensory testsSensory motor testsMotor tests  Primary open-field tests  BBB test  Automated walkway test  Footprint analysis test  Inclined plane  Limb hanging test  Limb grip strength test  Cold sensitivity-based tests  Withdrawal reflexes  Rope walk testing  Narrow beam test  Foot slip test  Primary open-field tests  BBB test  Automated walkway test  Footprint analysis test Pictures form " Methods for behavioral testing of spinal cord injured rats "Pictures form " An inclined plane system with microcontroller to determine limb motor function of laboratory animals"Pictures form " Methods for behavioral testing of spinal cord injured rats " Introduction ( 5 / 6 )

 BBB test  Basso, Beatie and Bresnahan Test  Two or three researchers as a group and record score, then average these score  BBB Score Divided into 0-21, degree is to be used to evaluate the spinal cord injury.

Introduction ( 6 / 6 )  BBB Score Scores from 0 to 7 ( Indicate the return of isolated movements in the hip 、 knee and ankle joints ) Scores from 8 to 13 ( Indicate the return of paw placement and coordinated movements with the forelimbs ) Scores from 14 to 21 ( Show the return of toe clearance during stepping, predominant paw position, trunk stability and tail position )

 PAW PRINT GAIT ANALYSIS IN RATS WITH SPINAL CORD INJURY MAY, 2007  MALU TANSEY,KEITH TANSEY,SHUXIN LI

 Surgical procedure and contusion :  Long-Evans rats (n=10)  Destruction of parts : T9 (182 to 227 kdyn)  Postoperative : Baytril Material and Methods

 High-speed video camera (fps=80)  On the treadmill  DigiGait analysis software  BBB score Material and Methods

 Two to six weeks postoperatively  5 cm/s every thirty seconds  Five consecutive strides Material and Methods

Parameters were assessed:  Stride length  Stance width  Stance-to-swing ratio Material and Methods

Results Stride length increased 1.2-fold from the second to third week and then remained relatively constant at each time point. (stride/s at 25 cm/s)

A semi-automated software tool to study treadmill locomotion in the rat From experiment videos to statistical gait analysis May 2010 P. Gravela, ∗, M. Tremblayb, H. Leblondb, S. Rossignolb, J.A. de Guisec

Methods  Adult wistar rats (n = 6)  High-speed area scan camera (fps=120, DS K0262,DALSA Inc ).  C arm X-ray system ( 100 kVp/16 mAs~ 40 kVp/0.5 mAs )  On the treadmill  8~20 complete cycles

Methods 27 cm×27cm calibration grid Image calibration  image interpolation

Methods From top to bottom; the iliac crest, the femoral head, the knee joint, the ankle joint, the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP), and the distal phalange of the second toe.  Image contrast enhancement  stationary wavelet transform (order 5).  Using cubic smoothing spline iliac crestfemoral head knee joint ankle joint MTPthe second toe Hip angles knee angles heel angles MTP angles

Results The data were acquired manually without the GUI (1 h 30 min) semi-automatically with the GUI (12 min)

 Use a High-speed camera to analyze animal behavior.  Combination of the BBB scores and gait parameters to measure the rat activity behavior. Purpose

 High-speed cameras (fps=120, scA gc, BASLER Inc )  Streampix 5 (Norpix Inc.)  Windows XP 、 C++ builder 、 Opencv1.0 Material and Methods

 Side scan (Marker) Material and Methods YCbCr Cb 色板

Morphology A BC a b c x  Side scan (Marker) Material and Methods

 Side scan (Centroid) Morphology (Gray) (Binarization) (Erode&Dilate) Material and Methods

 Bottom scan(Centroid) Material and Methods (Gray) (Binarization) (Erode&Dilate)

 Bottom scan (Limbs) (ROI) Material and Methods

Results Angle Analysis

Future works  Improve the bottom scan.  Brain injury  Shoot the two sides.  Gait analysis and centroid combination to find correlations.  BBB score more correct.

References  Methods for behavioral testing of spinal cord injured rats, Jirˇı´ Sˇ edy´ a,b, Lucia Urdzı´kova´ a,b, Pavla Jendelova´ a,b, Eva Sykova´ a,b, Received 15 March 2007; received in revised form 9 August 2007; accepted 3 October 2007  Automatic analysis of altered gait inarylsulphatase A-deficient mice in the open field, Toon Leroy, Stijn Stroobants, Jean-Marie Aerts, Rudi D’Hooge, and Daniel Berckmans, Behavior Research Methods, 2009, 41 (3),  Functional evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration in the rat : walking track analysis, Artur S.P. Varejfio a,* Marcel F. Meek b Antdnio J.A. Ferreira °, JoS.o A.B. Patricio d Antdnio M.S. Cabrita e, Journal of Neuroscience Methods 108 (2001) 1-9  An inclined plane system with microcontroller to determine limb motor function of laboratory animals, Ming-Wen Chang, Ming-Shing Young, and Mao-Tsun Lin, Journal of Neuroscience Methods., 168: 186– 194,  Robotic Assessment of Locomotor Recovery in Spinal Contused Rats, J.A.Nessler,D.J.Reinkensmeyer, K.Sharp,E.Kwak1,K.Minakata,R.D.DeLeon,26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS  Robot Applied Stance Loading Increases Hindlimb Muscle Mass and Stepping Kinetics in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury, Jeff A.Nessler, Moustafa Moustafa-Bayoumi, Dalziel Soto, Jessica E. Duhon, Ryan Schmitt, 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS