WORLD WAR II CHAPTER 20

Mobilizing For War  U.S. began to convert the economy to war materials  American workers were twice as productive as German and five times that of Japanese  Henry Stimson - Sec. of War  U.S. began to convert the economy to war materials  American workers were twice as productive as German and five times that of Japanese  Henry Stimson - Sec. of War

Converting the Economy Cost - plus contracts -- Gov. would pay cost and % of profits (no bids - too slow)  RFC - made loans to companies to convert  most were converted  Tanks replace cars -- auto industry was easy to convert  Liberty Ship -- basic cargo ship used during the war  War Production Board -- controlled war materials Cost - plus contracts -- Gov. would pay cost and % of profits (no bids - too slow)  RFC - made loans to companies to convert  most were converted  Tanks replace cars -- auto industry was easy to convert  Liberty Ship -- basic cargo ship used during the war  War Production Board -- controlled war materials

WOMEN IN WORLD WAR II  Women and minorities had a very large role in the War effort.  Women’s army auxiliary corp  Oveta Culp Hobby  -- first woman director  Women and minorities had a very large role in the War effort.  Women’s army auxiliary corp  Oveta Culp Hobby  -- first woman director

BUILDING AN ARMY  Selective Service and Training Act-- first peace time draft  --set up after France surrendered to Germany (1940)  G.I. - Government Issue  Double “V” campaign -- newspaper said that blacks should join the war for 2 reasons  1. Against racism at home  2. Against Hitler abroad  Selective Service and Training Act-- first peace time draft  --set up after France surrendered to Germany (1940)  G.I. - Government Issue  Double “V” campaign -- newspaper said that blacks should join the war for 2 reasons  1. Against racism at home  2. Against Hitler abroad

BLACKS IN WORLD WAR II  TUSKEGEE AIRMEN --99th pursuit squadron African American Air force unit that trained in Tuskegee, Alabama  761st TANK BATTALION -- black unit under General Patton and fought the “Battle of the Bulge”  614th TANK BATTALION -- awarded 8 silver stars, 28 bronze stars, and 79 purple hearts  TUSKEGEE AIRMEN --99th pursuit squadron African American Air force unit that trained in Tuskegee, Alabama  761st TANK BATTALION -- black unit under General Patton and fought the “Battle of the Bulge”  614th TANK BATTALION -- awarded 8 silver stars, 28 bronze stars, and 79 purple hearts

THE EARLY BATTLES - sect. 2  PACIFIC  Chester Nimitz -- commander of the U.S. navy in the Pacific  Philippines -- shortly after Pearl Harbor the Japanese took these islands Douglas MacArthur -- had to flee To Australia, but promised to return  PACIFIC  Chester Nimitz -- commander of the U.S. navy in the Pacific  Philippines -- shortly after Pearl Harbor the Japanese took these islands Douglas MacArthur -- had to flee To Australia, but promised to return

WAR IN THE PACIFIC  Days after Pearl Harbor the Japanese were able to advance in SE Asia but soon the tide of the war would change in favor of the U.S.

Battle of the Philippines  Allied troops defending the Philippines held out as long as they could but eventually they were captured (April 9, 1942)  Bataan Death March -- 78,000 POWs marched 65 miles to a Japanese POW camp  Thousands died during the march  Others fled to Corregidor island  Allied troops defending the Philippines held out as long as they could but eventually they were captured (April 9, 1942)  Bataan Death March -- 78,000 POWs marched 65 miles to a Japanese POW camp  Thousands died during the march  Others fled to Corregidor island

Turning Point in the Pacific  June 4, Midway  U.S. broke codes and waited for attack, shot down 38 planes  Allowed the U.S. to counterattack  Admiral Yamamoto’s plan failed  June 4, Midway  U.S. broke codes and waited for attack, shot down 38 planes  Allowed the U.S. to counterattack  Admiral Yamamoto’s plan failed

Turning Point in Europe  Stalingrad (1942)  --city in the Soviet Union  91,000 Germans surrendered in house to house combat  George Patton -- commander of ground forces in North Africa  Dwight D. Eisenhower --overall commander in North Africa  Erwin Rommell “Desert Fox”- German commander in North Africa  Stalingrad (1942)  --city in the Soviet Union  91,000 Germans surrendered in house to house combat  George Patton -- commander of ground forces in North Africa  Dwight D. Eisenhower --overall commander in North Africa  Erwin Rommell “Desert Fox”- German commander in North Africa

Life on the Home Front sect. 3  WWII helped end the Depression - 19 million new jobs  Rosie the Riveter - campaign to hire women during WWII  A. Philip Randolph - head of union for African American R.R. workers  Forced Roosevelt to create the Fair Employment Practices Commission - hire more blacks  WWII helped end the Depression - 19 million new jobs  Rosie the Riveter - campaign to hire women during WWII  A. Philip Randolph - head of union for African American R.R. workers  Forced Roosevelt to create the Fair Employment Practices Commission - hire more blacks

More on sect. 3  Bracero Program - “worker” brought 200,000 Mexican workers to help harvest fruits and veg.  Many people headed West and South for work - Sunbelt  2 million people lived in Gov. housing  Racism became a large problem  “Great Migration” - blacks moving out of the south  Zoot suits - suits became popular with Mexican Americans  Bracero Program - “worker” brought 200,000 Mexican workers to help harvest fruits and veg.  Many people headed West and South for work - Sunbelt  2 million people lived in Gov. housing  Racism became a large problem  “Great Migration” - blacks moving out of the south  Zoot suits - suits became popular with Mexican Americans

More on racism  Zoot suit riots - sailors attacked Mexican teenagers, LA banned suits  Despite that -500,000 Hispanics joined the war effort  Feb. 19, Roosevelt said U.S. cities could be war zones and relocated people of Japanese ancestery  Internment - Gov. took businesses & held 120,000 people  442nd Regimental Combat Team - all Japanese Battalion in WWII, highest decorated  JACL - Japanese American Citizens League - help interned Japanese (received $20,000 in 1988)  Zoot suit riots - sailors attacked Mexican teenagers, LA banned suits  Despite that -500,000 Hispanics joined the war effort  Feb. 19, Roosevelt said U.S. cities could be war zones and relocated people of Japanese ancestery  Internment - Gov. took businesses & held 120,000 people  442nd Regimental Combat Team - all Japanese Battalion in WWII, highest decorated  JACL - Japanese American Citizens League - help interned Japanese (received $20,000 in 1988)

Daily Life  Office of Price Administration (OPA) - Gov. regulated prices to control inflation  Began rationing - limiting availability of products (meat, sugar, gasoline, rubber, etc.)  Blue coupons - controlled processed foods  Red Books - controlled meats, fats and oils  Victory Gardens - plant gardens in every spare area  War Bonds - (E bonds) - pay $18.75 and in 10 years get $25 back from the Gov.  Office of Price Administration (OPA) - Gov. regulated prices to control inflation  Began rationing - limiting availability of products (meat, sugar, gasoline, rubber, etc.)  Blue coupons - controlled processed foods  Red Books - controlled meats, fats and oils  Victory Gardens - plant gardens in every spare area  War Bonds - (E bonds) - pay $18.75 and in 10 years get $25 back from the Gov.

Pushing The Axis Back- sect. 4  Bombing On Germany stepped up in  ,000 tons a month  Northern Africa, Sicily, and Italy  Eisenhower -- supreme commander  Bernard Montgomery -- British General  Patton -- ground force (tanks)  Sicily July, amphibious landing  Moved on to Italy  Mussolini was removed and eventually killed  Sept Italy surrenders  Bombing On Germany stepped up in  ,000 tons a month  Northern Africa, Sicily, and Italy  Eisenhower -- supreme commander  Bernard Montgomery -- British General  Patton -- ground force (tanks)  Sicily July, amphibious landing  Moved on to Italy  Mussolini was removed and eventually killed  Sept Italy surrenders

D- DAY  Operation Overlord -- D-Day  Largest amphibious landing in history  Across the English channel into France  Operation Overlord -- D-Day  Largest amphibious landing in history  Across the English channel into France

D- DAY  June 6, 1944  Eisenhower was commander of Operation Overlord  Allies landed on 5 beaches (Omaha, Utah, Sword, Juno, and Gold)  7,000 troop carriers -- carrying 100,000 men  23,000 paratroopers dropped inland 30 miles  June 6, 1944  Eisenhower was commander of Operation Overlord  Allies landed on 5 beaches (Omaha, Utah, Sword, Juno, and Gold)  7,000 troop carriers -- carrying 100,000 men  23,000 paratroopers dropped inland 30 miles

Pacific  Guadalcanal -- island in the Pacific, important allied victory to get MacArthur back  Leyte Gulf -- largest naval battle in history  Japan used kamikazes for the first time  Battle for the Philippines  80,000 Japanese killed  100,000 Filipino killed  Guadalcanal -- island in the Pacific, important allied victory to get MacArthur back  Leyte Gulf -- largest naval battle in history  Japan used kamikazes for the first time  Battle for the Philippines  80,000 Japanese killed  100,000 Filipino killed

Third Reich Collapses - sect. 5  8/25/44 After D-Day Americans are able to take back France  12/16/44 Battle of the Bulge -- Hitler’s one last offensive  Goal -- to cut off allied supply lines to Belgium  Patton brought in reinforcements ,000 German casualties  At the same time Germans were pushing into Poland  Allies met outside Berlin, Germany 1945  8/25/44 After D-Day Americans are able to take back France  12/16/44 Battle of the Bulge -- Hitler’s one last offensive  Goal -- to cut off allied supply lines to Belgium  Patton brought in reinforcements ,000 German casualties  At the same time Germans were pushing into Poland  Allies met outside Berlin, Germany 1945

Timeline  4/12/45 -- FDR dies of a stroke  Harry S. Truman becomes President  4/30/45 -- Hitler and Eva Braun married the day before they committed suicide  5/7/45 -- Germany “unconditionally surrendered” to the allies  5/8/45 VE Day (victory in Europe)  4/12/45 -- FDR dies of a stroke  Harry S. Truman becomes President  4/30/45 -- Hitler and Eva Braun married the day before they committed suicide  5/7/45 -- Germany “unconditionally surrendered” to the allies  5/8/45 VE Day (victory in Europe)

Back to the Pacific  B-29s bombed Tokyo  Curtis Lemay --commander of the B-29s  Came up with the idea of using napalm (jellied gasoline)  Manhattan Project -- American program to start building the atomic bomb  Headed by Leslie Groves  Los Alamos, New Mexico -- secret society to build the bomb  J. Robert Oppenheimer -- head  B-29s bombed Tokyo  Curtis Lemay --commander of the B-29s  Came up with the idea of using napalm (jellied gasoline)  Manhattan Project -- American program to start building the atomic bomb  Headed by Leslie Groves  Los Alamos, New Mexico -- secret society to build the bomb  J. Robert Oppenheimer -- head

Atomic Bomb  Aug. 6, bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan  “Little Boy”  Aug. 9,  Bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan  “Fat Man”  150, ,000 people killed instantly  Aug. 6, bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan  “Little Boy”  Aug. 9,  Bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan  “Fat Man”  150, ,000 people killed instantly

End of the War  8/15/45 -- VJ Day  United Nations began in 1945  countries came to the U.S. for peace International Military Tribunal Nuremberg trials -- tried German leaders for war crimes 22 prosecuted sentenced to death  8/15/45 -- VJ Day  United Nations began in 1945  countries came to the U.S. for peace International Military Tribunal Nuremberg trials -- tried German leaders for war crimes 22 prosecuted sentenced to death