: The World at War : The World at War

Differing Viewpoints  “Family Feud”  “Fall of the Eagles”  “The War to End All Wars”  “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

Causes of the War

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy

Formation of Alliances  Germany wanted to isolate from France so they could not regain Alsace Lorraine  Austria and Russia quarreling over the Balkans  Italy was angry at France for annexing Tunisia  Germany and Russia agreed to remain neutral if attacked. Treaty was dropped 2 years later by the Germans.  Russia and France signed treaty  British join with the French

Alliance System  With the formation of both Alliances it became evident that any future conflict would lead to a world wide conflict.

Series of Crisis  In Africa a French takeover of Morocco angered the Germans.  In Europe conflicts in the Balkans continued to escalate – Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina instead of allowing Serbians to rule independently – First and Second Balkan Wars ( ) Ottoman Empire lost most European territories to European countries or to the newly created Albania – Armenian Genocide- over 1 million Armenian Christians killed by Muslim Ottomans Ottomans believed Armenians were supporting Russia against the Ottomans

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

The Major Players: Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

Europe in 1914

2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

3. Imperial Rivalries

4. Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

The “ Spark ”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

Who’s To Blame?

The Coming of War  The Leader of Austria was assassinated by Serbian Independence Group “The Black Hand”  Austria decides to crush Serbia  Russia declares war on Austria  Germany declares war on Russia, France  Britain declares war on Germany  Japan joined Triple Entente  Ottoman empire joined Central Powers

A Multi-Front War

The Western Front

The Schlieffen Plan

Schlieffen Plan  Germans sweep through Belgium, knock out France b/f Russia mobilizes  Held of by British- Trench Warfare begins

Trench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”

Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

New Weapons During WWI Invention DescriptionUse in WWI Automatic Machine Gun Rapid steady stream of bullets Few gunners can kill waves of soldiers TankArmored vehicle, all terrain Protected advancing troops, slow, clumsy SubmarineUnderwater ship launch torpedos Destroyed allied ships, brought U.S into war AirplaneProp plane with machine gun First used for observation, later air combat Poison Gas Gas Masks Gasses cause choking, blindness severe pain; masks protect soldiers Lobbed into trenches

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats

The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Poison Gas Machine Gun

German Atrocities in Belgium

Recruitment Posters

Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

New French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Women and the War Effort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Spies e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!

Posters: Wartime Propaganda

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

German Poster

The Eastern Front

Eastern Front  Russian lost over 1 million casualties, drop out of war by 1917  Little gained or lost by either side

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles,

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The “ Colonial ” Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China

America Joins the Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

“ Art ” of World War I

“A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Turkish Genocide of Armenians ( ) Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197, Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800

WWI Ends  WWI ends 11 th hour, of 11 th day, of 11 th month, of 1918  The Big Four – Great Britain –Lloyd George – Italy- Orlando – Clemenceau- France – Wilson- United States  Treaty of Versailles – Germany lost Saar basin, Alsace and Lorraine-France over 27,000 - Germans paid war reparations-32 billion dollars - Germany forced to limit army and forbidden to maintain planes, tanks and naval ships

Other Effects of World War I  Formation of New Countries – Poland Recreated, Czechoslovakia created, Yugoslavia Created  LEAGUE OF NATIONS  Formation of an international organization to maintain peace and settle disputes  Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points became basis – Point 1 renounced secret treaties; Point 2 dealt with freedom of the seas; Point 4 advocated arms reductions; Point 5 advocated solving colonial disputes internationally  Weakness – No peace keeping force – Little to no power – Had to rely on boycotts

Other Effects of WWI  Woman’s Suffrage – Following Women’s involvement in the War many nations across Europe granted women over 21 the right to vote beginning in 1918