Crisis of the Imperial Order ( 1900–1929) I. Europe & the Middle East

A. Ottoman Empire & the Balkans 1.Late 19 th -c.: Ottoman Empire in decline (European provinces lost) 2.The Young Turks: Modernization Constitutionalism Centralized rule & “Turkification” 3.Turks turned to Germany for assistance…

B. Militarization, Alliances, Imperialism, & Nationalism (MAIN!) 1.3 main causes of World War I: extreme nationalism system of alliances imperial competition militarization of Germany

C. Nationalism 1.Deeply rooted in Europe – united nations while undermining minorities 2.War as a crusade for liberty 3.War could heal the class divisions

D. Alliances Two alliances: Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy Triple Entente: Britain, France, & Russia *Railroad mobilization to move troops

E. Militarization 1.Balkan’s “Powder Keg”: Assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists 2.Ultimatum given to Serbs & war declared on July 28, Alliance system w/ mobilization plans meant that war was automatic

M.A.I.N.: Russia supports Serbia… Germany support A-H… Russia now declares war on Germany & A-H… France & Great Britain support Russia

II. The “Great War” 1914–1918

A. Stalemate, 1914– German victory seemed certain…but both sides formed an unbroken line of trenches through France and Switzerland (“Western Front”) 2.Brutal trench warfare ensued for 4 years

War Is HELL !!

B. Schlieffen Plan: 2 Fronts 1.strategy by Germans to first invade Belgium… 2.Schlieffen felt the Russians would be slow to mobilize…focus on western front

A Multi-Front War

C. The War Economy 1.Demands for raw materials led to rationing 2.Entry of women into the workforce 3.Recruitment of Africans, Indians, & Chinese, 4.Naval blockades

D. Battles of Verdun & Somme Verdun: Germans surprised Allies in France ***One of bloodiest battles of WWI Somme: British/French offensive against Germans (60,000 British die in one day…) – tank first used

E. The Ottoman Empire at War 1.Turks signed a secret alliance w/ Germany in Turks deported & committed genocide against Armenians 3.Turks closed the Dardanelles Straits 4.British attacked at Gallipoli, failed, & pushed Arabs to revolt against Ottomans…promised Arabs what? - Arabian independence from Ottomans (1916)

Attack at Gallipoli

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

F. The Balfour Declaration : British also promise a Jewish state… - “suggest” to Jewish Zionists they “view with favor” a Jewish homeland in Palestine… 2.British also sent troops to secure the oil pipeline from Iran (took Baghdad in 1917)

Text of Balfour Declaration Foreign Office November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild: I have much pleasure in conveying to you. on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet: His Majesty's Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours, Arthur James Balfour

The “Colonial” Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners African Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China

G. U.S. Enters the War 1.U.S. conflicted about allowing immigrants; but profited from sale of goods 2.Unrestricted German submarine warfare: led to sinking of ship Lusitania (1917) 3.The Zimmerman Telegraph – Germany promises Mexico lost territory to U.S. for access to invade

The Zimmerman Telegram

H. Impact of WWI 1.More dead & wounded than any war: 9 million dead…15 million wounded 2.Millions of refugees (U.S. closed doors) 3.Influenza outbreak of 1918 ( million dead…3% of world died…33% infected)

World War I Casualties

1918 Flu Pandemic: 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died! 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died!

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats Unterseeboots

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The “Red Baron”

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Poison Gas Machine Guns Howitzer

III. End of the War 1.Arrival of U.S. in 1918 allowed Allies to counterattack 2.Armistice signed on November 11, Treaty of Versailles ended war: -humiliated Germany…pay war reparations & lost territory to French -A-H Empire fell apart -creation of the League of Nations

The Big Three Woodrow WilsonDavid Lloyd GeorgeGeorges Clemenceau

New Map of Europe