Chapter 29 Collapse of the Old Order

The Stalin Revolution: Five Year Plans humble origins visionary skillful administrator rose within the Communist Party eliminated Leon Trotsky and all rivals Ruthlessly Industrialized the Soviet Union

The Stalin Revolution: Five Year Plans Oct 1928, Stalin devised series of Five- Year Plans Centralized state control over economy Industrialization achieved extremely rapidly No concern for environment

Collectivism of Agriculture Peasants forced to pay for the investments required by the Five- Year Plans Provided labor & food for new industrial workers Small farms became large collectives Supplied government with fixed amount of food, then distributed what was left to their members

Collectivism of Agriculture Collectivism tried to organize peasants into industrial way of life & bring them under government control violently suppressed the better-off peasants (the kulaks) disrupted agricultural production Caused famine-killed 5 million after bad harvests of

Collectivism of Agriculture Second Five-Year Plan ( ) was intended to increase output of consumer goods Fear of Nazi regime caused Stalin to shift emphasis to heavy industries & armaments Consumer goods became scarce & food rationed

Terror and Opportunities Industrialization/collectivization could only be carried out with threats & force NKVD (secret police) created climate of terror SU industrialized faster than any other country Stalinism created new opportunities – for women to join the work force – for obedient unquestioning people to rise within the ranks of the Communist Part, the military, the government, or their professions One of the goals of collectivization was to introduce modern farm machinery. This poster shows delighted farmers operating new tractors and threshers.

In late 1930’s, the contrast between the economic strength of the Soviet Union and the Depression troubles of the capitalist nations gave many the impression that Stalin’s planned economy was a success

The Depression: Economic Crisis consumers cut their purchases companies laid off workers small farms failed N.Y. banks recalled loans to Germany & Austria They couldn’t pay reparations to France and Britain France & Britain then couldn’t repay their war loans to the U.S. In 1930, the U.S. passed the Smoot-Hawley tariff act; Other countries followed suit world trade declined by 62 % between 1929 and 1932

Depression in Industrial Nations France and Britain escaped the worst of the Depression by forcing their colonies to purchase their products Japan and Germany suffered much more because they relied on exports to pay for imports of food and fuel In the U.S., Britain, and France, governments tried to stimulate their economies with Programs like the New Deal Germany and Japan devoted their economies to military build-up hoped to acquire empires large enough to support self- sufficient economies

Depression in Non- industrialized Regions The Depression spread to Asia, Africa, and Latin America unevenly. India and China were not dependent on foreign trade and thus were little affected. Countries that depended on exports of raw materials or on tourism were devastated. In Latin America, the Depression led to the establishment of military dictatorships that tried to solve economic problems by imposing authoritarian control over their economies. Southern Africa boomed during the 1930’s. The increasing value of gold and the relatively cheaper copper deposits of Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo led to a mining boom that benefited European and South African mine owners.

The Rise of Fascism: Mussolini’s Italy In postwar Italy, thousands of unemployed veterans & violent youths demanded action, intimidated politicians, & served as strong-arm men for factory & property owners Benito Mussolini, a former socialist, became leader of the Fascist Party forced government to appoint him prime minister

The Rise of Fascism: Mussolini’s Italy Mussolini installed Fascists to all government jobs & crushed opposition – excelled at propaganda and glorified war – foreign policy was cautious Italian Fascist movement imitated in most of Europe, Latin America, China, & Japan

Hitler’s Germany Germany was hard-hit by: – defeat in WWI – hyperinflation of 1923 – Depression blamed socialists, Jews, & foreigners became leader of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis) led unsuccessful uprising in Munich in 1924 In 1925, published Mein Kampf – his racial theories – his aspirations for Germany – proposal to eliminate all Jews from Europe

Hitler’s Germany Nazis gained support from the unemployed and from property owners Hitler assumed the post of chancellor in March 1933 and assumed dictatorial power declared himself Fuhrer of the “Third Reich” in August 1934 Hitler’s economic and social policies were effective led to an economic boom, low unemployment, and rising standards of living – Public Works Contracts – Military Build-up – Women encouraged to give up their jobs to men

The Road to War, Hitler’s goal was territorial conquest Built up military Tested the reactions of other powers by: – withdrew from the League of Nations – introduced conscription – established an air force – Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, and Hitler sent ground troops into the Rhineland in 1936

The Road to War, No serious objections from France, Britain, or U.S. Hitler invaded Austria in 1938 and demanded German-speaking regions of Czechoslovakia

Why was the response to Hitler so weak? Appeasement – Fear of war – Feared communism more than Germany – Believed Hitler could be trusted Munich Agreement: Neville Chamberlain, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Edouard Daladier, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Galeazzo Ciano

After Munich? Hitler could not be stopped short of war March,1939, invaded Czechoslovakia Inspired France and Britain to ask for Soviet help Hitler & Stalin were already negotiating the Nazi-Soviet Pact Divided Poland between them

Nazi-Soviet Pact

East-Asia, : The Manchurian Incident of 1931 Ultranationalists believed Japan could end dependence on foreign trade if it had a colonial empire in China Junior officers blew up a railway in Manchuria Excuse for invasion Built heavy industries & railways & sped up rearmament At home, government became more authoritarian and militaristic

Chinese Communists and the Long March Challenge to Chiang-Kai shek came from Communist Party Chiang arrested and executed Communists, forcing those who survived to flee to the remote mountains Guerilla warfare & policies that won the support of the peasants Forced them to Shaanxi in

Mao Zedong Farmer’s son Deviated from traditional Marxist-Leninists Redistribute land from the wealthy to the poor peasants to gain peasant rather than industrial worker support for a social revolution Advocate of women’s equality Party reserved leadership positions for men, (for warfare)

Sino-Japanese War, July 7, 1937, Japanese troops attacked Chinese forces near Beijing Then they launched a full invasion of China U.S and the League of Nations made no efforts to stop the Japanese invasion Chinese troops were poorly led and trained Unable to prevent Japan from controlling the coastal provinces