Chapter 13: Primative Fishes...

Polypteriformes Primitive Traits Unique Traits Ganoid Scales Lung-like gas bladder –gulp air & survive in low O2 Spiracle Spiral Valve Heterocercal Tail Unique Traits “Lobed” Fins – coelocanths or lungfishes Dorsal fins – 5 – 18 separate dorsal fins Restricted to Africa; aquarium fish; “birchirs”

Polypteriformes- coelocanth, ancient fish??

Polypteriformes- lungfish

Birchir

Acipenseriformes: Cartilaginous skeletons lacking central vertebral Strongly heterocercal tail Anus and urogenital openings at base of pelvic fins Spiracle present in some species Conus arteriosus with multiple valves Spiral valve present in intestine

Acipenseriformes: Sturgeons: Bony scutes Sensory barbels Mostly freshwater —few marine and anadromous Prized for eggs = cavier Caspian and Black Seas of western Asia Stock collapsing (Asian) Shovelnose sturgeon and pallid sturgeon Very fecund; mature at a late age

Acipenseriformes: Paddlefish: American: “Spoonbill cat” Lack bony scutes; long rostrum 2 genera : American (Polyodon spathula) Chinese Paddlefish (Psepherus gladius) American: “Spoonbill cat” Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri Rivers Planktivore; Long, narrow gill rakers Up to 2m long; 75 kg Rostrum: electrosensory function? -- rooting through sediment?

Acipenseriformes: Paddlefish: Chinese (Psepherus gladius) : Yangtze River system Smaller rostrum Presumed piscivorous Danger of extinction: Dam construction overfishing

Semionotiformes: Gars Thick ganoid scales Bony head and snout Long jaws with strong sharp teeth Spiral valve intestine Gas bladder divided internally Dorsal an anal fins set far back on body

Semionotiformes: Gars Primitive predators N. America 1 species in Cuba All but one freshwater Alligator gar occasionally enters SW Gas bladder divided internally Dorsal an anal fins set far back on body

Order Ammiiformes One species, the bowfin (Amia calva) Heterocercal tail Rudimentary spiral valve intestine Cycloid scales Physostomous gas bladder

Order Ammiformes Bowfin: Predatory species Sucks prey into its mouth (canine teeth) Swims via undulations of long dorsal fin Gulping air for surviving low O2 waters Males build and defend nests Defends young until they are 10 cm long Edible? …depends!

Not as primative, but still “old”

Division Teleostei Cycloid or ctenoid scales (when present) Lack of spiral valve intestine three or four lower jaw bones per side

Primitive vs. Advanced Traits

Primitive vs. Advanced (continued)

Division Teleostei Divided into 4 groups: Osteoglossomorpha – bonytongues, mooneyes Elopomorpha – tarpons and eels Clupeomorpha – herrings Euteleostei – everything else

Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha Mostly tropical species of Africa, Asia, and South America Have enhanced electrosensory abilities Some used as food & some angling Mostly aquarium species Examples: Arawanas – popular aquarium fish Mooneye – herring-like fish from the Great Lakes Region. Some value as sport and food fish

Arawana

Mooneye Hiodon tergisus

Subdivision Elopomorpha Characterized by leptocephalus larva Long and laterally compressed Evidence of phylogenetic affinity with eels Order Elopiformes Order Anguiliformes Suborder Anguilloidei Suborder Muranoidei Suborder Congroidei Order Saccopharyngiformes

Elopamorpha O. Elopiformes – tarpon, bonefish, ladyfish important recreational species No market for meat Sought for large size and active fighting habits

Elopamorpha Order Anguilliformes – eels 20 families of eels Elongated bodies with large number of vertebrae Pectoral fins reduced in size Pelvic fins absent Scales: reduced in size or absent

Elopamorpha Suborder Anguilloidei American, European and Japanese eels (Anguilla) Catadromous – spawn in SW, mature in FW American and European eels: Spawn in deep waters in central N. Atlantic Leptocephali drift with current Transform into threadlike elvers Ascend rivers and spend several years there maturing

Elopamorpha Suborder Muraenoidei Moray eels of tropical oceans Lack pectoral fins Some have venomous bite

Elopamorpha Suborder Congroidei Large group of marine eels Some used for food

Elopamorpha Order Saccopharyngiformes – eels Group of bizarre deep-sea fishes Includes: Gulper eels Snipe eels

Subdivision Clupeomorpha Herrings and anchovies Important food fishes Silvery, compressiform fishes Large silvery scales

Subdivision Clupeomorpha Soft rays only Large easily shed cycloid scales Bony scutes on ventral and sometimes dorsal surfaces Gas bladder extends anterior into the skull (otophystic) Helps transmit low frequency sounds to the ear

Subdivision Clupeomorpha Order Clupeiformes Mostly marine planktivores - some freshwater, anadromous, and predatory forms Extremely high biomass Important role in food chain - gizzard and threadfin shad typically stocked as a forage base for pike and largemouth bass,

Order Clupeiformes Large scale fisheries exist for marine species Some consumed by humans Used in animal feeds and fertilizers Population dependent on plankton abundance which is dictated by ocean circulation Upwelling of cold nutrient rich water Nutrients phytoplankton bloom zooplankton anchovies El Niño

Subdivision Euteleostei Encompasses all remaining fish Large assemblage of fishes Possess more advanced characteristics

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi Possess “Webberian Apparatus” - modified anterior vertebrae and special bony connections between gas bladder and ear Contains: - minnows - suckers - tetras - catfishes

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi Order Gonorhynchiformes Order Cypriniformes Family Cyprinidae Family Catastomidae Order Characiformes Order Siluriformes Order Gymnotiformes

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi Order Gonorhynchiformes milkfish (Chanos chanos) Important aquaculture species in SE Asia Raised in earthen ponds Important source of animal protein

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi Order Cypriniformes: Family Cyprinidae: - Jaw Teeth Absent - Adipose Fin Absent - Barbels Present - N. America and Eurasia - Base forage

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi Order Cypriniformes: Family Cyprinidae: Grass Carp: Introduced species Herbivore Eradicates vegetation Illegal to stock or sell diploids Triploids acceptable

3. a. Name this fish__________________ b 3. a. Name this fish__________________ b. What is the order this fish belongs too? ______________

a. Name the fish:. b. Genus:_________species:_____________ c a. Name the fish: b. Genus:_________species:_____________ c. Why is this fish important?

5. What family (order) of fish are represented here? ______

3. a. Common carp b. What is the order this fish belongs too 3. a. Common carp b. What is the order this fish belongs too? Cypriniformes

a. Name the fish:Channel Catfish b a. Name the fish:Channel Catfish b. Genus: Ictalurus species: punctatus c. Why is this fish important? Food!

5. What family (order) of fish are represented here 5. What family (order) of fish are represented here? Cyprinidae (cypriniformes)

Cyprinidae; Minnows

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi Order Cypriniformes: Family Catastomidae: suckers Fleshy protrusible lips White and spotted suckers Buffalo fishes Redhorses Quillbacks carpsuckers

Euteleostei: Superorder Ostariophysi Order Characiformes: - Jaw Teeth Present - Adipose Fin Present - Barbels Absent - S. America, C. America, and Africa

Charachidae: Tetras

Siluriformes Lack Scales, often with bony plates on head or body Teeth present on premaxillary, absent on maxillary Many have venomous “spines” composed of fused soft rays - venom gland at base of spine

Siluriformes Well developed sensory barbels Usually an adipose fin Found on all continents except Antartica Some marine (gafftop and sea catfish) Greatest diversity in S. America Important food source Important game and aquarium fishes

Gymnotiformes Unusual electrical fishes South and Central America Elongated bodies and small eyes Sometimes called S. American knifefishes Modified muscle tissue for production of electrical fields Electric eel (produce more than 500 volts)

Class Osteichthyes Infradivision: Euteleostei CHAPTER 18 Minnows, Characins, and Catfishes Class Osteichthyes Infradivision: Euteleostei True teleosts

Suberorder: Ostariophysi 6500 species Dominant freshwater fishes Some of most important aquaculture species

Suberorder: Ostariophysi Six Characteristics of group Have fright substance (Schreckstoff) released into water when fish is injured Swimbladder is present and usually has two chambers Unculi present: small unicellular projections on body that may provide rough surface for clinging or scraping Breeding tubercles well developed Upper jaw (premaxilla) easily extended for suction feeding Pelvic fins abdominal in position

Order: Gonorynchiformes Toothless mouths Epibranchial organs (modified gill rakers for breaking up ingested food

Family Chanidae Milkfish Marine and brackish water species One of most important food fishes of Southeast Asia Adults to 1.8 m Silvery sides Deeply forked tails

Milkfish Chanos chanos

Order Cypriniformes Dominate freshwter fishes of North America and Eurasia 2700 species Most possess protractile mouths without teeth Most posses pharyngeal teeth Heads lack scales (with few exceptions) All lack adipose fins

Family Cyprinidae Minnow or Carp family Largest family of fishes Includes: Minnows Danios Rasabora Barbs Goldfish Koi Loaches Ornamental sharks carps

Cyprinidae Largest family of fishes More than 2,000 species The Cyprinidae are scattered throughout most of the world, and include cold water types as well as those of tropical waters. Members distinguished by their pharyngeal teeth Most have soft fin rays; however, modified into spines in common carp and goldfish

Cyprinidae Some Images

Notropis hypselopterus Sailfin shiner Notropis hypselopterus

Flagfin shiner Notropis signipinnis

Taillight shiner Notropis maculatus

Bluenose shiner Notripis welaka

Blacktail shiner Cyprinella venusta

Opsopoeodus emiliae emiliae Pugnose shiner Opsopoeodus emiliae emiliae

Notemigonus crysoleucas Golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas

Rosyface shiner Notropis rubellus

Central stoneroller Campostoma anomalum

Rosy barb Puntius conchonius Asia

Sumatra barb Puntius tetrazona Southeast Asia

Pearl danio Brachydanio albolineatus Asia

Zebra danio Danio rerio Asia

White cloud mountain minnow Tanichthys albonubes China, Vietnam

Three-lined rasbora Rasbora trilineata East Asia

Goldfish Carassius auratus auratus Central Asia and China

Common carp Cyprinus carpio carpio Throughout Europe and Asia

Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Asis, former USSR, China

Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Asia, China, and eastern Siberia

Red-Finned Shark Epalzeorhynchus frenatus Southeast Asia

Family Catastomidae Suckers Mainly North American 68 species Most live in streams Mostly bottom browsers with subterminal mouths

Sonora sucker Catostomus insignis Western United States

Family Cobitidae Loaches, Botia Found mostly in streams of Eurasia 160 species Popular aquarium fishes All have subterminal mouths

Clown loach Botia macracanthus Sumatra, Borneo

Order Characiformes Mexico, Central and South America; 1,350 species Africa; 200 species In South America charicins (and catfish) totally dominate fish fauna Presently 18 families, but will change Most are diurnal predators with large eyes No eyes in some cave dwellers

African Characins Four families More than 200 species Some have specialized jaws for snipping off shunks of fins of other fishes Include African tetras (Alestidae), formally in Characidae - same family as S. American tetras. These are sold in the aquarium trade Most notable Alestidae are African tigerfishes

Hydrocynus goliath Giant tigerfish Congo River basin, Lualaba River, Lake Upemba, and Lake Tanganyika

Characidae South and Central America Approximately 700 species One species in N. America All have good sets of jaw teeth Variety of feeding habits found Some species feed largely on scales of other fishes

Amazon Basin Orinoco Basin Serrasalmus manueli Amazon Basin Orinoco Basin

Pygocentrus cariba Black spot piranha Orinoco Basin

Colossoma macropomum Tambaqui Amazon and Orinoco Basins

Colossoma teeth

Lie and wait predators; Brazil Acestrohynchidae Lie and wait predators; Brazil

Ctenoluciidae Pike-characids Lie and wait predator: S. America

Brazil, northern S. America Cynodontidae Brazil, northern S. America

Gasteropelecidae hatchetfishes South America

Anostomidae Headstanders Herbivores or detritivores; S. America

Siluriformes Catfishes Active after dark 2400 species 1- 4 pairs of barbels Adipose fin No scales but may have armored plates Spines on forward edge of pectoral and dorsal fins Pectoral spines lock out Have Weberian apparatus

Callichthyidae Moderately deep bodied (flattened ventrally Protected with bony plates and spines Often live in stagnant water Able to swallow air and absorb in highly vascularized portion of hind gut Found in S. America and Panama

Spotted corydoras Corydoras ambiacus

Flagtail catfish Dianema urostriatum

Doradidae Thorny catfishes Found in South America

Megalodoras uranoscopus

Raphael catfish Platydoras costatus

Ripsaw catfish Oxydoras niger

Mochokidae Upside-down catfish All from Africa

Siluridae Glass catfish and sheatfishes Ghost Catfish Kryptopterus minor; SE Asia

Family Loricariidae Armored catfishes Also called suckermouth catfishes Adapted for acraping or sucking algae from bottom in streams Mouths adapted for holding onto rocks in fast water Found in Costa Rica, Panama, and South America

Acanthicus adonis

Bushymouth catfish Ancistrus dolichopterus

Chocolate-colored catfish Rineloricaria lanceolata

Ariidae Hardhead and gafftopsail catfish Feed on benthic inverts Noisy schools created by clicking of pectoral spines and vibration of swimbladder Males incubate eggs in mouth Primarily marine

Gafftopsail sea catfish Bagre marinus

Clariidae Walking catfish Air breathing “Walk” using pectoral fins and swinging from side to side Clarius Batrachus (Asia) has become pest in Florida

African catfish Clarias gariepinus

Walking catfish Clarius batrachus

Ictaluridae North American catfishes Scaleless Usually dark in color Large flattened heads 8 barbels High degree of parental care; build nests and guard eggs and young Channel catfish #1 aquaculture foodfish in United States

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus

Shark catfishes Pangasiidae Endemic to Mekong Basin Rare because of overexploitation aquaculture species

Giant catfish Pangasianodon gigas Max. recorded weight, 350kg

CHAPTER 19 Smelt, Salmon, and Pike Class – Osteichthyes Subclass – Actinopterygii Subdivision – Teleostei Infradivision – Euteleostei Superorder - Protacanthopterygii

Superorder Protacanthopterygii This group supposed to contain the presumed ancestors to the spiny-rayed fishes (Acanthopterygii) that dominate the world’s oceans Contains 310 species in 3 orders Lack spines Many have adipose fins Species in fresh and marine environments

Order Argentiniformes Contains more than 160 species from 7 families All small fishes with large eyes Live in deep sea environments All possess and epibranchial organ (crumenal) for grinding up small prey. Organ consists of small pouch just behind fourth gill arch

Order Argentiniformes (con’t) Gill rakers on both sides fit into pouch where they interdigitate to break up food particles

Family argentinidae Herring smelts Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific

Bathylagidae Deep sea smelts

Microstomatidae Curious wormfish Gunnellichthys curiosus   Microstomatidae Curious wormfish Gunnellichthys curiosus

Elegant firefish Nemateleotris decora

Yellowstripe wormfish Gunnellichthys viridescens

Blackfin dartfish Ptereleotris evides

Lined dartfish Ptereleotris grammica

Opisthoproctidae barreleyes

Liptochilichthyidae Deep sea

Alepocephalidae slickheads

Platytroctidae tubeshoulders

Order Salmoniformes Smelts and salmonids Mostly cold water Most can easily move between fresh and salt water Smelts and salmonids distantly related

Suborder Osmeroidei Small elongate fishes Prey on small invertebrates Frequently found in large numbers Favored food fishes Include: Northern smelts Noodlefishes Southern smelts

Northern smelts Includes Osmeridae (true smelts) Approximately only 13 species Generally small (< 20cm) However, can be enormously abundant in coastal areas of northern hemisphere All are excellent food They eat zooplankton and small fish

Atlantic rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax mordax

Salangidae noodlefishes or icefishes 11 species Abundant Important fisheries Found in Japan, China, Southeast Asia Elongate, scaleless, and nearly transparent because of poorly ossified skeleton

Southern smelts Coastal and fresh waters of Australia and New Zealand Small, trout-like fishes Include Galaxiidae Retropinnidae Lepidogalixiidae

Galaxiidae Occur in freshwater on all the southern continents except Antartica Distribution can be explained by plate tectonics or planktonic , marine larvae

Inanga Galaxias maculatus Chile

Shortjaw kokopu Galaxias postvectis New Zealand

Retropinnidae New Zealand smelts Cucumberfish Retropinna retropinna New Zealand

Lepidogalaxiidae salamander fishes Lepidogalaxias salamandroides Only found in southwest corner of Australia in pools and streams

Suborder Salmonoidei One family: Salmonidae Approximately 70 species Dominant fishes of cold-water streams and lakes of North America and Eurasia Most species anadromous Three subfamilies Salmon and trout Graylings Whitefishes

Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Salmon and trout Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch 

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Salmon and trout Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Salmon and trout Sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka

Salmon and trout Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Salmon and trout Brown trout Salmo trutta fario

Salvelinus fontinalis Salmon and trout Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis

Thymallus arcticus arcticus Graylings Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus arcticus

whitefishes Common whitefish Coregonus lavaretus

Order Esociformes 10 species All freshwater Widespreadin North America and northern Eurasia Lie and wait predators 2 families Esocidae (pikes) can be large Umbridae (mudminnows) generally small

Esocidae (pikes; 5 species) Northeren pike Esox lucius

Chain pickerel Esox niger Pikes Chain pickerel Esox niger

Pikes Muskellunge Esox masquinongy

Umbridae (Mudminnows; 5 species) Central mudminnow Umbra limi 

5. a and b