Unit 8: Transfer of Thermal Energy Discover PHYSICS Unit 8: Transfer of Thermal Energy 20 April 2017

8.1 Transfer of Thermal Energy Learning Outcomes In this section, you’ll be able to: Understand that thermal energy is transferred from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature 20 April 2017

8.1 Transfer of Thermal Energy What causes transfer of thermal energy? Thermal energy is transferred only when there is a difference in temperature. Thermal energy always flows from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. There is no transfer of heat at thermal equilibrium. 20 April 2017

8.1 Transfer of Thermal Energy How is thermal energy transferred? Thermal energy is transferred by: Conduction Convection Radiation 20 April 2017

8.1 Transfer of Thermal Energy Key Ideas Transfer of thermal energy takes place when there is a temperature difference. Thermal energy is always transferred from a hotter region to a colder region. When thermal equilibrium is reached between two bodies (i.e. both bodies are at the same temperature), there is no net flow of thermal energy between them. There are three different processes of thermal energy transfer: conduction, convection and radiation. 20 April 2017

8.1 Transfer of Thermal Energy Test Yourself 1. During winter, it is common for people to say ‘keep the cold out of the house’. Is this statement correct? Comment. Answer: The statement ‘keep the cold out of the house’ seems to suggest that ‘the cold tends to move into the house’ which is not true. In fact, it is the transfer of heat energy from the inside of the house to the outside that causes the temperature in the house to drop. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction Learning Outcomes In this section, you’ll be able to: Describe how energy transfer occurs in solid. 20 April 2017

Definition: 8.2 Conduction What is conduction? Definition: Conduction is the process of thermal energy transfer without any flow of the material medium. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction Experiment 8.1 Objective: Apparatus: Procedure: To investigate the transfer of thermal energy through solids Apparatus: bath, rods of the same dimensions but of different materials, stopwatch Procedure: 1. Coat the parts of the rods that are on the outside of the tank evenly with melted wax (see figure). 2. Pour boiling water into the bath, so that the ends of the rods are submerged. 3. Record the length of wax that melts in a given interval of time for each of the four rods. 20 April 2017

Observation: The wax melts the furthest along the copper rod, followed by iron, glass and wood. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction Experiment 8.1 Two important conclusions can be drawn: 1. Thermal energy flows through the material of the rods without any flow of the material itself. This process is called conduction. 2. Different materials conduct heat at different rates. Those that conduct faster are called good conductors (e.g. copper) and those slower are called poor conductors (e.g. wood). Note: Poor conductors are also known as insulators. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction How does conduction work? Conductors and insulators have different mechanisms to transfer of thermal energy. All solids are made up of tiny particles called atoms or molecules. Metals contain free electrons which move randomly between the atoms and molecules. Non-metals do not have free electrons. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction How does conduction work? When thermal energy is supplied to one end of a rod, the particles (atoms and molecules) at the hot end vibrate vigorously. These particles collide with neighbouring particles, making them vibrate as well. Kinetic energy of vibrating particles at the hot end is transferred to neighbouring particles. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction How does conduction work? Good Conductor In metals, another much faster mechanism of thermal energy transfer takes place at the same time -free electron diffusion. The free electrons gain kinetic energy and move faster. The fast-moving electrons then diffuse into cooler parts of the metal. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction How does conduction work? Insulators In insulators, the transfer of thermal energy is solely the results of vibrating atoms and molecules. There is no free electrons. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction Conduction in liquids and gases Thermal energy can be conducted from a hotter to a cooler region. Process of conduction is inefficient. Liquid particles are further apart and collisions of particles are less frequent and even lesser in gases. Thus, transfer of kinetic energy from fast-moving molecules to neighbouring molecules is slower. Hence air is poor conductor of heat compared to water, which is in turn is a poor conductor compared to most solids. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction Experiment 8.1 Objective: Apparatus: Procedure: To test conduction of thermal energy in water Apparatus: test-tube, ice, metal gauze, Bunsen burner,water Procedure: 1. Wrap a piece of ice with metal gauze and place it at the bottom of a test-tube. 2. Fill the test-tube with tap water till it is almost full. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction 3. Heat the test-tube at the upper end, as shown in the figure. 4. Observe the water being heated and the ice below it. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction Key Ideas Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy without any flow of the material medium. The two mechanisms for conduction are atomic or molecular vibrations (for both metals and non-metals) and free electron diffusion (for metals only). Liquids and gases are poor conductors of heat compared to solids. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction Test Yourself 1. Give an account of thermal energy conduction in metals and non-metals. Answer: In metals, conduction of heat is due mainly to the diffusion of free electrons from a hotter region to a colder region. Conduction of heat can also take place with molecular vibrations. In non-metals, conduction of heat only takes place due to molecular vibrations, where the K.E. of the vibrating molecules at the hot end is transferred to the neighbouring molecules. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction Test Yourself 2. Why are good conductors of thermal energy also good conductor of electricity? Answer: Good conductors such as metals have free electrons. It is the presence of free electrons that enable metals to conduct both thermal energy as well as electricity. Conduction of electric current is the flow of electric charges such as electrons. 20 April 2017

8.2 Conduction Test Yourself 3. Is the heat transferred from a barbecue fire to a person standing in front of it a good example of heat transfer by conduction? Explain. Answer: A person standing in front of a barbecue fire and feeling hot is not a good example of conduction since air is a poor conductor of heat. In fact, we will learn later that we feel the hotness of the barbecue fire due to radiation of the heat energy. 20 April 2017

8.3 Convection Learning Outcomes In this section, you’ll be able to: Describe how energy transfer occurs in fluids. 20 April 2017

Definition: 8.3 Convection What is convection? Definition: Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by means of currents in a fluid (liquids or gases). 20 April 2017

8.3 Convection Experiment 8.3 Objective Apparatus Procedure To show convection in water Apparatus Large, round-bottomed flask, potassium permanganate crystals, Bunsen burner Procedure Fill the flask with water. Carefully place some potassium permanganate crystals at the bottom of the flask. Place a Bunsen burner with a small flame under the flask and observe the crystals. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.3: Convection Experiment 8.4 Objective Apparatus Procedure To show convection in air Apparatus large box with two chimneys on top, a piece of clear glass on one side, candle, matches Procedure Place the candle below one of the chimneys. Light the candle. Introduce smoke into the other chimney by placing a piece of smouldering paper over it and observe the movement of the smoke. 20 April 2017

8.3: Convection How does convection work? When fluids (liquids and gases) are heated, they expand and become less dense. The less dense fluids tend to rise from the heating source. Cooler fluids, being more dense, sink to replace the less dense fluids. This movement of fluid due to a difference in its density sets up a convection current. 20 April 2017

8.3: Convection How does convection work? Convection currents occur only in fluids such as liquids and gases but not in solids. Convection involves the bulk movement of the fluids which carry with them thermal energy. 20 April 2017

8.3: Convection Key Ideas Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by means of currents in a fluid (liquid or gas). A convection current is the movement of fluid caused by the change in density in various parts of the fluid. 20 April 2017

8.3: Convection Test Yourself 1. Why does it feel hot when you put your hands above a small burning candle? Answer: The hand feels hot because of convection. The air around the flame is being heated and becomes less dense and rises. 20 April 2017

8.3: Convection Test Yourself 2. Describe briefly the mechanism for the transfer of thermal energy in fluids. Answer: When fluids are heated, they expand and become less dense. The less dense fluid rises. The cooler, denser fluids will replace the less dense fluids. This sets up a convection current. 20 April 2017

8.4: Radiation Learning Outcomes In this section, you’ll be able to: Explain energy transfer of a body by radiation. State the factors affecting the rate of energy transfer by radiation. 20 April 2017

Definition: 8.4: Radiation What is radiation? Definition: Radiation is the continual emission of infrared waves from the surface of all bodies, transmitted without the aid of a medium. 20 April 2017

8.4: Radiation What is radiation? Radiation does not require a medium for energy transfer. It can take place in vacuum. For example, the Sun is a major source of radiant heat. 20 April 2017

8.4: Radiation What is radiation? The sun emits electromagnetic waves. Part of this electromagnetic waves, called infrared waves, make us feel warm. Thermal energy from infrared waves is called radiant heat. All objects emit some radiant heat. The hotter the object, the greater the radiant heat emitted. 20 April 2017

8.4: Radiation Absorption of infrared radiation Infrared radiation is absorbed by all objects and surfaces. The absorption of radiant heat causes a temperature rise. 20 April 2017

8.4: Radiation Emission of infrared radiation Infrared radiation is emitted by all objects and surfaces. This emission causes the temperature of the objects themselves to fall. In general, good emitter of radiant heat is also a good absorber of radiant heat. Conversely, poor emitter of radiant heat is also a poor absorber of radiant heat. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.4: Radiation Experiment 8.6 Objective To investigate the emission of infrared radiation Apparatus Two temperature sensors, data logger, two identical tins (one black and one shiny), boiling water from two electric kettles Procedure Connect the temperature sensors A and B to the data logger Set the sampling rate to ten seconds Pour boiling water into both tins at the same time until both are filled to the brim. 20 April 2017

Experiment 8.6 4. Place the lid and the temperature sensors onto the tins. Temperature sensor A will monitor the temperature of the black tin, while temperature sensor B records the temperature of the shiny tin. 5. Start recording the temperature. Observe the temperature time graph of both sensors. 6. Stop recording after ten minutes. 20 April 2017

8.4: Radiation Factors affecting rate of infrared radiation Colour and texture of the surface Dull, black surfaces are good absorbers of infrared radiation than shiny, white surfaces Dull, black surfaces are better emitters of infrared radiation. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.4: Radiation Factors affecting rate of infrared radiation 2. Surface temperature Rate of infrared radiation also depends on surface temperature The higher the temperature of the surface of the object relative to the surrounding temperature, the higher the rate of infrared radiation. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.4: Radiation Factors affecting rate of infrared radiation 3. Surface area The larger surface area will emit infrared radiation at a higher rate. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.4: Radiation Key Ideas Radiation is the continual emission of thermal energy in the form of infrared waves. Radiation is emitted from the surface of all bodies and does not require a medium of thermal transfer. Dull, black surfaces are better emitters of infrared radiation than shiny, white surface. The factors affecting rate of energy transfer by radiation are: colour, and texture of the surface, surface temperature and surface area. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.4: Radiation Test Yourself Give two everyday examples of thermal energy transfer by radiation. Answer: Feeling the hotness of Sun’s radiation – Sun’s thermal energy reaches earth by radiation. Standing next the a BBQ fire will make you feel hot. The thermal energy reaches you by radiation. Placing your hand next to a hot object such a jar of hot water. Thermal energy reaches your hand by radiation. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.4: Radiation Test Yourself State briefly how thermal energy is transferred by radiation. Answer: Hot objects emit thermal energy in the form of infrared radiation, which is a type of electromagnetic waves. The hotter the object, the higher the rate of radiation. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.4: Radiation Test Yourself State three factors that affect the rate of transfer of thermal energy by radiation. Answer: Colour and texture of the surface. Surface temperature. Surface area. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Learning Outcomes In this section, you’ll be able to: Understand and identify how thermal energy is transferred by conduction, convection and radiation in everyday life. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of conduction Uses of good conductors of heat 1. Cooking utensils – made of metals eg. Stainless steel or aluminium 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of conduction Uses of good conductors of heat 2. Soldering iron rods – the tip is made of copper 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of conduction Uses of good conductors of heat 3. Heat exchanges. A heat exchanger transfers thermal energy from hot dirty water to cold clean water. Copper tubes are used to aid rapid transfer of thermal energy from the hot dirty water to the cold clean water. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of conduction Uses of bad conductors of heat (insulators) 1. Handles of appliances and utensils – made of plastics or wood 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of conduction Uses of bad conductors of heat (insulators) 2. Table mats – made of cork 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of conduction Uses of bad conductors of heat (insulators) 3. Sawdust. Used to cover ice blocks because of its insulating property Wooden ladles Useful for stirring or scooping hot soup. Woolen clothes Used to keep body warm 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of conduction Uses of bad conductors of heat (insulators) 6. Fiberglass, felt and expanded polystyrene foam. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of convection 1. Heating water in Electric kettles – the heating coil is placed at the bottom to aid the heating of water by convection. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of convection 2. Household hot water system – the heater is located at the bottom of the system. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of convection 3. Air conditioners. Air conditioners are installed near to the ceiling of rooms to facilitate setting up convection currents as cooler air sinks 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of convection 4. Refrigerators Freezing unit is placed at top to cool the air and facilitate the setting up of convection currents. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of radiation 1. Teapots Shiny teapots can keep tea warm for a longer time than black teapots. It can also keep cold liquids cool for a longer time than black containers. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of radiation 2. Greenhouses – infrared radiation emitted by the contents in the greenhouse is trapped in the greenhouse. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Common applications of radiation 3. Vacuum flasks Stopper is made of poor conductor. The vacuum between the double-glass wall minimises conduction and convection. The glass walls are silvered and highly reflective to minimise heat loss due to radiation. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Worked Example 8.2 The figure shows a typical vacuum flask designed to keep liquids hot. Part of the vacuum flask is enlarged. State and explain the function of each of the parts labelled A to C Solution A: Thin silvering wall to minimise thermal energy loss by radiation Since shiny surfaces are poor absorbers of radiant heat. B: Vacuum to prevent thermal energy loss by conduction and convention (both require material medium for energy transfer) C: Hollow plastic stopper. Plastic is a poor conductor of heat, minimising thermal energy loss by conduction. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Key Ideas Some everyday applications of thermal energy transfer involving conduction include cooking utensils and table mats. Some everyday applications of thermal energy transfer involving convection include household hot water systems and electric kettles. Some everyday applications of thermal energy transfer involving radiation include vacuum flasks and greenhouses. 20 April 2017

Unit 8.5: Applications of Thermal Energy Transfer Test Yourself 1. A saucepan with a thick copper base contains water and is placed on a flat electric hot plate. a. State the process by which energy is i. transferred from the hot plate to the water, ii. spread through the water. b. The sides of a saucepan are often polished. How does this reduce energy loss? Answer: a(i) Conduction. Convection. b. The sides are polished to reduce heat loss due to radiation. Polished and shiny surfaces are poor emitters of radiation 20 April 2017

Unit 8: Transfer of Thermal Energy 20 April 2017