Astronomy

Terrestrial Planets: Hard-Rocky Dense Inner Planets Jovian Planets: Giant Gassy Low Density Outer Planets

The Planets: Revolve around Sun & Rotation on their Axis

Solar System Formation Planets & stars form from gas clouds called Nebulas. Under the force of gravity the gasses contract & ignite into a star. Left over debris sticks together to form proto- planets called planetesimals.

Stars use Nuclear Fusion to uniting hydrogen elements together. The reaction creates Helium and gives off heat and light. Heavy elements are made as a star ages. A stellar nursery where stars are formed.

Life cycle of a star on the H-R Diagram The luminosity (brightness of a star) is dependent on its temperature The higher the temperature the more luminous the star. Our sun is a main sequence star.

Death of a Low Mass Star Low mass stars will burn up their hydrogen & swell into a red giant. Eventually the crust on a red giant collapses & implodes. The material in the crust is turned into a gas and a white dwarf is left behind to burn out.

Death of a High Mass Star High Mass stars swell into super red giants when the crust collapses an explosion occurs called a Super Nova. Left behind is a oA Neutron Star o Or a Black Hole will be left behind

Neutron Stars surrounded by nebula supernova gasses <>

Our universe is filled with billions and billions of galaxies!

Elliptical galaxy M-80

Side View of a Spiral Galaxy

Red Giants and Blue stars within two spiral galaxies. Which is older?

Our solar system is inside of the Milky Way Galaxy. You are here among billions and billions of other stars.

The Big BangTheory: Explains the origin of the universe. According to the big bang, the universe was created sometime between 15 billion and 20 billion years ago from a cosmic explosion that hurled matter in all directions.

Red Shift/ Moving Away Light energy emitted by an object moving away is stretched or red shifted. Blue Shift/Coming Closer The light and energy emitted by an object moving toward an observer is squeezed and has a blue shift. Our universe is expanding based on an observed red shift

Lunar Eclipse

Solar Eclipse

Phases are caused by the revolution of the moon around the earth.

Motions of Planets, Stars, and Constellations 1.Appear to rise in the east set in the west in the night sky. The earth has a counter clockwise rotation on its axis and causes objects to appear to rise in the east.

2. Some Planets Exhibit Retrograde Motion -Outer planets look like they are moving backwards

Two Proofs for the Earths Rotation 1.Foucault’s Pendulum 2.Coriolis Effect The path of a freely moving fluid or gas in the northern hemisphere under goes a right hand deflection. Ocean Currents ESRT pg. 4 Winds ESRT pg. 14

Geocentric Model Ptolemy 2000 yrs ago Earth is the center of the solar system. The Sun and Planets revolve around the earth. Epicycles used to explain apparent diameter changes of the planets. -Could not predict planetary motions. -Does not explain terrestrial proofs

Heliocentric Model Copernicus 1543 “ The Correct One” Sun is the center as the solar system. Terrestrial proofs are explained. A simpler, accurate and predictable model Did not explain apparent size and speed of planets.

Improvement to the Heliocentric Model by Kepler. The planets move in elliptical orbits. The orbital speed is greater when a planet is near the sun. Keplers 1st law. Each planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit. Measured by eccentricity or the out of roundness of a circle.

Eccentricity = Distance between Foci Length of Major Axis The Eccentricity of a Straight line is = 1 The Eccentricity of a Perfect Circle is = 0 SUN Major Axis 20 cm 10 cm Planet Focus 2Focus 1

Kepler’s 2 nd Law of Equal Areas “ A line from the sun to a planet will sweep across equal areas in equal time” Aphelion Perihelion Planets Orbit X Y

Keplers 3 rd Law The greater the distance a planet is from the sun the slower its average speed and the longer its revolution.

Gravitational Force and Energy in Space What keeps the universe from flying apart! Newton's Law of Gravitation. 1. A force of attraction exists between two objects & depends on 3 factors. 1 Mass of planet 1 2 Mass of planet 2 3 The distance between the 2

Elements can be identified by the electromagnetic energy they radiate using emission spectrum lines. Argon

Helium Hydrogen

Using Your ESRT pg. 14 & the electromagnetic spectrum chart answer the following. 1. Convert the following scientific notation into a decimal. To convert, write a “0. then add as many zero’s as the exponent calls for minus one zero and add the whole number last. For Example, 1*10-3 = Next To each decimal using your ESRT pg. 14 name the electromagnetic wave. Decimal EquivalentName of Electromagnetic Wave 1*10-8 _________________, ___________________ 1*10-5 _________________, ___________________ 1*10-3 ________________, ___________________ 1*10-1 ________________, ___________________ 1*10 0 _________________, ___________________ 1*10 1 _________________, ___________________

3. Write the range of scientific notation for the following forms of visible light and convert them to a decimal equivalent. Scientific Notation Decimal Equivalent Violet _____________, ________________ Blue _____________, ________________ Green _____________, ________________ Yellow _____________, ________________ Orange _____________, ________________ Red _____________, ________________ 4. What type of electromagnetic energy has the smallest wavelength, which has the largest?