Health Occupations Integumentary System

SKIN Largest organ in the body 17 –26 square feet Varies in thickness Eyelid – 0.5 mm Soles of feet – 6.6 mm

Three layers of Skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous

Epidermis Outer layer, also called cuticle Surface is layer of dead cells with living cells underneath 5 layers of cells Stratus corneum – sheds Stratus germinativum – rebuilds No blood vessels or nerve cells but has nerve endings for Light touch Pain 90% of cells are water repellent

Melanocytes – make melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color Hair follicles Melanocytes – make melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color Inherited characteristic Freckles – concentrated melanin Surface – covered with sweat, oil, & epithelial cells that Lubricate Hydrate Provide antibacterial protection Block toxins

Dermis “True” skin Contains blood vessels & nerves Nerve endings Pressure Heat & cold Each square inch of skin has 15 ft. of blood vessels Is 15-40 times as thick as epidermis Contain fingerprints – ridges or striations in this layer that are unique to each person Contains sebaceous glands – oil glands

Subcutaneous or hypodermis Innermost layer Adipose – fatty tissue that cushions & insulates organs Connects skin to muscle Made of up elastic & fibrous tissue as well Contains sudoriferous glands

Hair Pili – found everywhere except soles of feet & palms of hand Hair in nose & mouth block foreign particles from entering Hair root originates in dermis Shaft - visible portion of hair Follicle – hair root with its covering Has 1-2 sebaceous glands attached to it

Arrector pili – small muscle attached to hair shaft Causes goose bumps or hair to stand on end due to cold or fear Color & texture of hair is inherited Color dependant on melanin

Glands Sebaceous glands Sudoriferous glands Ceruminous glands

Sebaceous glands Oil glands Found everywhere except palms & soles 2,000-2,000,000 glands in each square inch of skin Causes skin to be soft & waterproof Usually open onto hair follicles Sebum – oil Antibacterial & antifungal, prevents infections When gland is plugged, get pimple

Sudoriferous glands Sweat glands Originate in subcutaneous layer & opens at pores in epidermis Apocrine Attached to hair follicles Found in axilla, breasts, pubic area Eccrine Empty directly onto skin Regulate body temp & excretes wastes Skin loses 500 ml of water each day, increases with exercise

Ceruminous glands In auditory canal of eat Secretes wax Protects ear from infection Prevents foreign body entry

Nails Protect fingers & toes from injury Formed from dead, keratinized epidermal cells Root – where nail grows, covered by skin where it attaches Lunula – crescent shaped white area near root Nails regrow unless root is damaged

Function of integumentary system Protection Barrier to UV rays & pathogens Keeps moisture in Sensory perception Helps body respond to pain, pressure, temperature, & touch Body temperature regulation Helps skin retain or lose heat Blood vessels dilate – heat escapes Blood vessels constrict – heat is retained Sudoriferous glands cool through perspiration

Storage Absorption Excretion Production Tissues for temporary storage of fat, glucose, water, vitamins, & salt Adipose – source of energy Absorption Substances absorbed through skin Transdermal meds Nitroglycerine – heart Scopolamine – motion sickness Hormones – birth control Nicotine – smoking cessation Excretion Eliminates salt, wastes, excess water through sweat Production Vitamin D – uses UV rays to form Vitamin D that matures in the liver

Arector pili Adipose tissue Sebaceous gland Sudoriferous gland Hair follicle Subcutaneous tissue Nerve Root Dermis Artery Epidermis Vein

Assessment Dermatology – study of skin Dermatitis – inflammation of skin, usually non-life threatening Skin lesions – visually inspected Look for size, shape, texture, color Biopsy or culture for diagnosis

Color Erythema Jaundice Cyanosis Reddish color Yellowish color Burns Congestion in blood vessels Jaundice Yellowish color Liver or gall bladder disease or RBC destruction Cyanosis Bluish color Insufficient oxygen – heart, lung, or circulatory disease

Eruptions Macules Flat spots on skin Freckles

Papules Firm raised areas Pimples End stage of chicken pox

Vesicles Blisters or fluid filled sacs Early chicken pox or small pox

Pustules Pus filled sacs Acne Fire ant bites

Crusts Areas of dried pus & blood scabs

Wheals Itchy, elevated areas with irregular shape Hives or bites

Ulcer Deep loss of skin surface, extends into dermis May see scarring & bleeding

Diseases & Abnormal Conditions Acne Vulgaris Increased secretion of sebaceous glands Bacteria grows & blocks hair follicle Causes papules, pustules, & blackheads Treat with UV light Antibiotics dermabrasion

Albinism Melanocytes don’t produce melanin Pale skin White hair Light eyes Sensitivity to light Decreased visual acuity

Alopecia Baldness Inherited tendency to lose hair Androgenic hormones at puberty can begin hair loss May occur in females too

Athlete’s foot Fungal infection Skin itches, blisters, cracks Contagious, transmitted by wet floors Treatment Antifungals Clean & dry Well ventilated

Cellulitis Bacterial infection of dermal & subcutaneous layers Symptoms Fever & chills Vesicles Warm, red skin Decreased circulation lymphedema Treatment Rest, elevation Immobilization Antibiotics

Chloasma Patchy discoloration on face Due to high hormone levels Pregnancy Oral contraceptives Liver disease

Cleft lip and palate 1 in 700 babies born with this Space where nasal processes or palate do not meet, see open area Causes 25% heredity Environment Prematurity Treatment Surgery Dental therapy Speech therapy

Contact dermatitis Allergic reaction to anything Symptoms Treatment Poison ivy, jewelry, bleach, etc Symptoms Redness Swelling Itching Blisters Treatment Washing Anti inflammatory meds Avoid exposure

Dandruff Scalp itching Causes white flakes of dead skin cells Treatment Scalp massage Shampoo brushing

Decubitus ulcers Sores of inflammation over body prominences Due to Prolonged pressure & hypoxia to affected area “Bedsores” Prevention Frequent position changes Good nutrition Massage Described in 4 stages, depending on severity Treatment – antibiotics, remove necrotic tissue, frequent cleaning, maggots

Eczema Caused by dermatitis Symptoms Familial Treatment Swelling Redness Itching Weeping/crusting lesion Familial Treatment Remove irritant Keep skin clean

Fungal infection Only on epidermis Ranges from no symptoms to scaly, red, swelling, & blisters Usually on moist areas Athlete’s foot Jock itch Ringworm Treatment antifungals

Furuncle Boil Sometimes infected hair follicle Treatment Hot compresses Antibiotics lancing

Hirsutism or Hypertrichosis Increased hair growth in abnormal places Hair, back, chest Hormone related or hereditary Treatment – temporary Shave Wax electrolysis

Impetigo Contagious bacterial infection Vesicles to pustules to crusts Symptoms Itching Burning Can lead to kidney infection if untreated Lesions usually clear without damage Can be fatal to infants

Kaposi’s Sarcoma CA that originates in blood vessels and spreads to the skin Round or oval spot Red, purple, or brown 2 types Aging Diabetes, lymphoma, AIDS Spreads to liver, lungs, intestine Tx with inteferon or chemotherapy

Lupus Benign dermatitis or chronic systemic disorder Symptoms Scaly rash Baldness Vascular connective tissue affected Butterfly rash Treatment Protect from sun Anti-inflammatory meds

Psoriasis Too many epidermal cells Red thick areas covered with scales Gray Silver Triggered by stress Familial Treatment Topical cream Scale removal UV light

Rashes Usually viral Treat symptoms Usually childhood disease

Scleroderma Autoimmune disease Affects Treatment Blood vessels Connective tissue Epithelial tissues Treatment Anti-inflammatory meds PT to avoid muscle contractures

Skin Cancer Basal cell Squamous cell Malignant melanoma

Streptococcus Bacteria that can affect the skin Group A may be flesheating

Vitiligo Loss of pigment Leads to formation of white patches

Warts Papule caused by HPV Comes & goes unexpectedly Types Treatment Plantar Common Flat Treatment Chemicals Freezing burning

UV light Skin protects us from this by producing melanin Makes a tan Process of damage UV light causes damage to dermal cells Moisture is lost Wrinkled & dry skin Main cause of skin cancer Burns 1st degree – sunburn 2nd degree – blister 3rd degree - full

Basal cell carcinoma Starts in lower layer of epidermis Symptoms Waxy, pearly growths Red scaly patches Face, arms, hands Bleed then heal, over & over Treatment Scraping Burn Cut out lesion Most benign form of CA

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Middle layer of epidermis Symptoms Spreads more quickly Red, scaly patches that don’t heal Eventually grows into surrounding tissue Treatment Same as basal cell

Malignant Melanoma Originates in melanin cells SERIOUS Symptoms Brown, black color Can start on back, legs, torso ½ develop from moles Treatment Removal If spread, survival rate decreases Needs chemo