BIOCONTROL OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS DR.P.K. SUMODAN LECTURER IN ZOOLOGY GOVT. COLLEGE, MADAPPALLY

MEDICALLY IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS 1. DISEASE TRANSMITTERS- VECTORS Mosquitoes, sand flies, fleas, tsetse flies, black flies, head lice, reduviid bugs etc. 2. DIRECTLY HARMFUL Nasal botflies, midges, blowflies, bed bugs, non-vector mosquitoes, ants, bees, wasps etc.

ANNUAL MORTALITY DUE TO INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES (WHO 2004) (Total = 109,04,000)

VECTORS AND DISEASES ORDER MEMBERS GENUS DISEASES DIPTERA MOSQUITOES ANOPHELES MALARIA CULEX FILARIA, J.E., WNE Etc. AIDES DENGUE, YELLOW FEVER MANSONIA FILARIA BLACKFLIES SIMULIUM ONCHOCERCIASIS SANDFLIES PHLEBETOMUS KALA AZAR HOUSEFLIES MUSCA CHOLERA, DIARRHOEA TSETSEFLIES GLOSSINA AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS PHTHIRAPTERA HEAD LOUSE PEDICULUS TYPHUS SIPHONAPTERA FLEAS XENOPSYLLA PLAGUE HEMIPTERA REDUVIID BUGS TRIATOMA, PANSTRONGYLUS, RHODNIUS CHAGAS DISEASE

INSECTS CAUSING INJURY ORDER MEMBERS HEALTH HAZARDS DIPTERA MOSQUITOES SUCK BLOOD BLOW FLIES PAINFUL BITES BITING MIDGES NASAL BOTFLIES MYASIS HEMIPTERA BEDBUGS HYMENOPTERA ANTS, WASPS, BEES GENERAL INFLAMMATION (POISONOUS)

VECTOR CONTROL METHODS CHEMICAL – D.D.T, MALATHION, SYNTHETIC PYROTHROIDS, FENTHION, TEMEPHOS, Etc. BIOLOGICAL – FISHES, BACTERIA, FUNGI Etc. ENVIRONMENTAL – SOURCE REDUCTION , INSECT PROOFING, Etc.

VECTORS AMENABLE TO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL MOSQUITOES BLACK FLIES

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MOSQUITOES POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS FISHES, BACTERIA, FUNGI, VIRUSES, PROTOZOA, NEMATODES, MITES, INSECTS, SPIDERS, TURTLES, BIRDS, LIZARDS, BATS Etc.

MOSQUITO A PROFILE GENERA - 37 SPECIES - 3500 (APPROX) VECTOR GENERA - 8 VECTOR SPECIES - 100 (APPROX) NUMBER OF DISEASES TRANSMITTED - 50 (APPROX)

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS IN USE FISHES GAMBUSIA AFFINIS POECILIA RETICULATA APLOCHEILUS BLOCKI APLOCHEILUS PANCHAX APLOCHEILUS LINEATUS OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS DANIO AEQUIPINNATUS MACROPODUS CUPANUS . BACTERIA BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BACILLUS SPHAERICUS

FEEDING EFFICACY OF SOME INDIGENOUS FISHES (SUMODAN & KUMAR 1998) Fish species Average length (cm) Daily av. Consumption of larvae/fish Aplocheilus blocki 3.8 102.6 Aplocheilus lineatus 4.8 225.4 Rasbora daniconius 6.8 464.3 Puntius vittatus 3.7 154.4 Puntius amphibious 7.4 237.4 Puntius melanampyx 2.7 164.8 Danio aequipinnatus 6.1 191.8 Macropodus cupanus 3.6 189.4

PREFERRED QUALITIES OF LARVIVOROUS FISHES SMALL IN SIZE SURFACE FEEDERS NON EDIBLE HARDY EASY TO CULTURE CARNIVOROUS INDIGENOUS

GAMBUSIA AFFINIS

APLOCHEILUS BLOCKI

RASBORA DANICONIUS

POECILIA RETICULATA

IMPACT OF INTRODUCTION OF APLOCHEILUS BLOCKI ON ANOPHELES STEPHENSI IN GOA DURING 1994-1995(Kumar et al 1998)

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS

BACILLUS SPHAERICUS

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISOLATION – 1976 IMPORTANT VARIETY – BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISRAELENSIS TARGET STAGE – LARVAE MODE OF ENTRY – INGESTION PATHOLOGY – LYSIS OF MIDGUT CELLS, LEAKAGE OF DIGESTIVE JUICES INTO HAEMOCOEL.

BACILLUS SPHAERICUS ISOLATION – 1978 IMPORTANT VARIETY – BACILLUS SPHAERICUS H5a, 5b TARGET STAGE – LARVAE MODE OF ENTRY – INGESTION PATHOLOGY – SWELLING OF MIDGUT WALL, DAMAGE TO MIDGUT SYMPTOMS – TREMORS, SLUGGISH.

IMPACT OF WEEKLY SPRAYING OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISRAELENSIS IN GOA DURING 1994-1995 (Kumar et al 1998)

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF BLACK FLIES (VECTOR OF ONCHOCERCIASIS) BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT: BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISRAELENSIS USE: WEST AFRICA FROM 1982-97: 5 MILLION LITRES AGAINST SIMULIUM DAMNOSUM IN BRAZIL AGAINST S. PERTINAX

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF FISHES POSITIVE: NON POLLUTANT, MOSQUITOES DO NOT DEVELOP RESISTANCE, LESS EXPENSIVE, LONG LASTING NEGATIVE: EXOTIC SPECIES MAY DISTROY INDIGENOUS FAUNA, NOT SUITABLE FOR POLLUTED WATER, NOT EFFECTIVE IN HABITATS WITH VEGETATION

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF BACTERIA POSITIVE: NON TOXIC, SPECIFICITY NEGATIVE: EXORBITANTLY EXPENSIVE ( COMPARED TO TEMEPHOS IT IS 100 TIMES COSTLIER) NOT SUITABLE FOR POTABLE WATER SOURCES, CUMBERSOME APPLICATION

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