The Indonesian Banking Industry The Indonesian financial system was repressed prior to 1983: Real interest rate mostly at levels below inflation rate (negative real interest rates) Real interest rate mostly at levels below inflation rate (negative real interest rates) High reserve requirements compared with other countries (15%) High reserve requirements compared with other countries (15%) Credit rationing with a subsidized interest rate by monopolistic state banks, and Credit rationing with a subsidized interest rate by monopolistic state banks, and The private financial market had not yet been well established The private financial market had not yet been well established  Launch a series of the financial deregulations 1983

Objectives of the financial deregulation 1983 reduce the reliance of the commercial banks on the liquidity credit from the central bank improve the mobilization of financial savings and allocation of resources in society expected to stimulate the banking system to become more efficient and effective in managing their funds

KEY INDICATORS OF INDONESIAN FINANCIAL SECTOR BEFORE AND AFTER DEREGULATION POLICY 1983 (Average Annual Percentage Rate) Indicator Domestic Credit / GNP 2.Deposit / GNP * 3.Investment / GNP 16,55 3,71 22,87 29,08 14,73 32,72 54,13 50,00 30,82 Source: IFS Yearbook, IMF Note:- Deposit is time deposit plus saving deposit - Investment is gross capital formation - Data for Time Deposit plus Saving Deposit only available from 1980

The Indonesian financial sector has developed greatly since the PACTO 88 was released, which described by: The number of banks increased from 111 in 1988 to 238 on July 1997 (before the crisis) The number of banks increased from 111 in 1988 to 238 on July 1997 (before the crisis) The rising of bank asset, the ability of the bank to gather fund, the ability to channeling credit to the society, increased more than 500% from 1988 to 1996 The rising of bank asset, the ability of the bank to gather fund, the ability to channeling credit to the society, increased more than 500% from 1988 to 1996  Bank as financial institution become more and more important for Indonesia economy

Conditions of Indonesian Financial Sector: The rapid development was not supported by good infrastructure such as banking supervision The rapid development was not supported by good infrastructure such as banking supervision The regulatory framework has not already yet to develop a healthy and efficient banking industry The regulatory framework has not already yet to develop a healthy and efficient banking industry Human resources have not already yet Human resources have not already yet Many corruption, collusion and nepotism either in government or private institutions Many corruption, collusion and nepotism either in government or private institutions  Causes: Many credits are not lend properly Many credits are not lend properly Many legal lending limit are abused by bankers Many legal lending limit are abused by bankers

Finally decreasing Rupiah, increasing interest rate or decreasing economic growth places banks in a difficult position where NPL increasing (from 7,2% in the end 1997 to 57,2% in the end of 1998). The government disciplined the banking industry by liquidating 16 banks on November 1, 1997, without any preparation, socialization and explanation shocked the society’s belief in banking industry  BANK PANICS

The continuing crisis followed by:  more than 300% increasing of the interbank rate of interest,  bank must still carry negative burden of net interest margin as the result of vast enough negative spread, and  the economic, social and politic environment that getting worse  The banking in Indonesia finally facing crisis and needs total restructuring in banking industry

BANKING RESTRUCTURING DEFINITION  Banking restructuring can be defined as the package of macroeconomic, microeconomic, institutional, and regulatory measures taken in order to correct incentives and to restore problem banking system to sustainable financial solvency and profitability. Consequently, bank restructuring must tackle the causes and the effects of individual bank problems, or of widespread bank distress

BANKING RESTRUCTURING IN INDONESIA Established IBRA in January 1998 Full blanket guarantee of the bank obligations since January 1998 The government taken over, merge, liquidate and recapitalize many banks Bank Indonesia is given independently by Act Number 23 of 1999 Bank Indonesia gave 142 billion Rupiahs on September 1998 as liquidity support for the banking industry  BLBI case Bank Act no.10, 1998, to amend Act no.7, 1992: Commercial Bank Initially the government has no clear target and concept in banking restructuring.  The cost increased highly, both the direct costs (such as re- capitalization and liquidation costs) and indirect costs (such as unemployment and social political costs)

What happened after 5 years ? Number of banks decreasing to 141 Cost of Banking Restructuring: around 60% of GDP (including recapitalization cost: around Rp 430 trillion) Almost all banks still government own  Banking industry is getting better ??

Asset Value & Average of Financial Sector Growth in Indonesia (in billion Rp) Financial ActivitiesAsset Value in 1996 Average of Financial Growth in 1989 – 1996 (%) Asset Value in 2000 Bank Insurance company Finance company Pawnshop Capital Market * - Stock - Obligation ,16 23,07 43,58 24,65 68,02 36, Source: - Financial Report and RAPBN Indonesia, Bank Indonesia Annual Report - Indonesian Financial and Economic Statistic BI (monthly edition) Note : * Emission value

Indicators of Banking Industry ItemsPosition A. Total Assets1.053,4 B. Loanable Fund 1. Credits - in Rupiah - in foreign currency 2. Bank Indonesia certificate 3. Securities and others claim - Government bonds - Issued securities 4. Others 999,0 346,9 239,6 107,3 88,5 425,4 384,7 40,8 138,2 C. Fund 1. Third Party Fund - in Rupiah - in foreign currency 2. Others 893,7 787,0 633,6 148,4 106,7 D. Capital79,3 E. Ratio (%) 1. LDR 2. NPLs: - Gross - Net 33,4 12,4 4,3 F. Exchange Rate (1 USD = Rp)8.785

Financial Industry in Indonesia Items Total Assets (billion Rp) Share(%)Firms(Unit) 1. Banking industry * 2. Insurance Companies 2.1. Life Insurance Companies 2.1. Life Insurance Companies 2.2. Property-Casualty Insurance 2.2. Property-Casualty Insurance 3. Pawnshop 3.1. Pawnshop 3.1. Pawnshop State owners ** State owners ** Non State owners ** Non State owners ** 3.2. Financial Pawnshop 3.2. Financial Pawnshop 4. Finance Companies 5. Securities Firm ,573,181,941,232,582,411,950,460,172,090, TOTAL * Per June 2002 ** Per December 2000 Source: Infobank

ASSET SHARE INDONESIAN BANKING INDUSTRY ItemsTotal Asset (million Rp) Share (%) Credits (million Rp) CAR (%) NPL (%) LDR (%) 20 banks , Average 20 banks ,1612,3142, other banks , Average 125 other banks ,197,7666, banks Average 145 bank ,468,3962,93 Per June 2002 Source: InfoBank