Civil War Reconstruction How do we rebuild the South, and our Nation, after the American Civil War?

39a - compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical Republican Reconstruction 39b - explain efforts to redistribute land in the South among the former slaves, provide them with advanced education such as Morehouse College, and the Freedmen's Bureau 39c - describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments 39d - explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction 39e - explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in relationship to Reconstruction 39f - describe government corruption after the Civil War, such as the Tweed Ring 39g - analyze how the presidential election of 1876 and the subsequent Compromise of 1877 marked the end of Reconstruction AKS 39

What was Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction vs. what ended up being implemented? Discuss the different perspectives. Essential Question

How does this differ from Lincoln's views of reconstruction?

17 th President Southerner Lincoln’s VP during his second term Took over Presidency after Lincoln's assassination First President to be impeached? What does “impeached mean?” Andrew Johnson

Plan to rebuild the nation after Civil War Many different ideas on how this should be accomplished Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction calls for 10% allegiance What does “Amnesty” mean? Lincoln’s Plan

What was Lincoln’s plan called? How was it supposed to work? Review

Radical Republicans led by Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens want to destroy power of former slaveholders give full citizenship, suffrage to African Americans What is “suffrage?” 1864 Wade-Davis Bill makes Congress responsible for Reconstruction Lincoln uses pocket veto to kill Wade-Davis; Radicals outraged You have 2 min to look up “Pocket Veto” in your books… GO! Radical Republicans

President Andrew Johnson proposes own Presidential Reconstruction: very easy on the South does not address voting rights, land, laws for former slaves Southerners relieved Johnson’s Plan

Congress enlarges Freedmen’s Bureau—helps former slaves, poor whites gives social services, medical care, education Freedman’s Bureau

Congress passes Civil Rights Act of 1866: grants citizenship to African Americans forbids black codes or discriminatory laws Looking ahead: Jim Crow Black codes restore many restrictions of slavery Whites use violence to prevent blacks from improving their lives Johnson vetoes Freedmen’s Bureau and Civil Rights Act Alienates moderate Republicans; angers Radicals Civil Rights Act of 1866

1867 Reconstruction Act doesn’t recognize most new state governments divides South into military districts sets new conditions for reentry in Union Johnson believes act unconstitutional, vetoes; Congress overrides Congress Passes the Fourteenth Amendment: Made “all persons born or naturalized in the United States” citizens; equal protection. Reconstruction Act of 1867

What was the Civil Rights Act of 1866? What were Black Codes? Review

Radicals seek to impeach—formally charge with misconduct in office House Radicals impeach Johnson; Senate does not convict Johnson Impeached

Remember this guy?

1868, Grant wins presidency with help of African- American vote Fifteenth Amendment— gives voting rights to all, regardless of color South does not enforce 14 th, 15 th Amendments White Southerners use violence to prevent blacks from voting Corruption Tweed ring in New York City spent $13M on Court House; actual cost was $3M Ulysses S. Grant elected President

What is the 13 th Amendment? What is the 14 th Amendment? What is the 15 th Amendment? Review

Who were the Radical Republicans? What did they want? Review

What were conditions like in the South for freed slaves? How did reconstruction continue in the South from an economic, social, and political standpoint? Essential Question

By 1870, all Confederate states in Union with Republican governments Buildings, infrastructure, farms destroyed throughout South People poor; property value plummets, Confederate bonds worthless 1/5 white males dead, many maimed; tens of thousands black males dead 80% illiteracy for freed slaves Conditions in Postwar South

Democrats call Southern white Republicans scalawags Carpetbaggers—Northerners who moved to South after war Politics in Postwar South

Education Freed people of all ages seek education African Americans establish schools and universities – Morehouse University Initially, most teachers Northern whites; by 1869, most are black Politics Almost as many black as white citizens; black officeholders minority only 16 African Americans in Congress Hiram Revels is first black senator Former Slaves Face Many Challenges

Landless African Americans sign labor contracts with planters Sharecropping—owner gives land, seed, tools for part of crops Tenant farming—rent land from owner; buy own tools Economics

Sharecropping

Sharecropping/Tenant Farming

In one paragraph, describe how you would have handled rebuilding the nation after the Civil War. Some things to think about… Would you have been forgiving? How would you have helped bring the slaves into the U.S. as citizens? Would you have punished any Southerners? Would you have used military force? What would you have done?

What was resistance like to racial equality in the South? Was there corruption and what forms did it take? How did reconstruction end? Essential Questions

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)—Confederate veterans group that turns terrorist Grows rapidly; aims to restore white supremacy 1868–1871 Klan, others kill thousands, burn schools, churches, homes Klan works to force Republican state governments out of power Southern Democrats use violence to intimidate black voters White Democratic candidates win state elections in 1875, 1876 Opposition to Reconstruction

What is the message here?

1870s Supreme Court decisions undermine 14 th, 15 th Amendments Federal government loses power to protect African- American rights Northern support fades Corruption Grant considered honest; appoints friends to political office Beginning in 1872, series of Grant administration scandals exposed Popular support fades

Redemption—return of Democrats to power in the South, 1869–1875 Election of 1876 Republicans nominate Governor Rutherford B. Hayes Compromise of 1877—Hayes gets presidency, Democrats get: federal troops leave LA, SC funding for Southern railroad, waterways conservative Southerner in cabinet Compromise means end of Reconstruction Southern states establish home rule The end of Reconstruction

The end

"W. E. B. DuBois captured that failure well when he wrote in Black Reconstruction in America (1935): 'The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery.'“ Did “Reconstruction” work? 5 minutes with a partner!

3 – things you learned 2 – things you want to find out more about 1 – thing you have a question about Review