© ESTRELLA, IST A quick ‘n easy intro to LKIF Core Rinke Hoekstra

© ESTRELLA, IST Overview The LKIF Core Ontology Design, Requirements & Methodology Modules –Top-level modules –Basic-level modules –Legal modules Q&A

© ESTRELLA, IST LKIF-Core Core ontology of basic legal concepts Contributions by UvA, UNIBO, Liv, FOKUS Specified using OWL-DL (SHOIN(D)) 14 modules, 205 classes, 99 properties Descriptive annotations Available online at Documentation at

© ESTRELLA, IST Principled Design Separation Frames & Ontologies Requirements & contexts of use –Users Practitioners Citizens Legal theoreticians –Use Organize & Structure Reasoning & Problem solving Semantic annotation & Search Semantic integration/interoperation Understanding of a domain Guidelines

© ESTRELLA, IST Middle-out Methodology Identification of clusters of basic concepts Top-20 of legal concepts Term scoring on 5 aspects –abstractness, relevance, commonsense vs. legal, common legal vs. domain specific, importance Evaluation and integration of existing top ontologies (LLD, DOLCE-CLO, LRI-Core) and theories

© ESTRELLA, IST LKIF-Core Scores Importance – Law – Right – Jurisdiction – Permission – Prohibition – Rule – Sanction – Violation – Power – Duty – Legal position – Norm – Obligation – Permissive right – Argument Abstractness – deontic operator – Law – Norm – Obligative right – Permissive right – Power – Right – Rule – Time – Anancastic rule – Existential initiation – Existential termination – Potestative right – Productive characterisation – Absolute obligative right Legal Relevance –Civil law –Law –Legal consequence –Legislation –Obligation –Right –Authoricy –Deontic operator –Duty –Jurisdiction –Legal fact –Legal person –Legal position –Legal procedure –Liability

© ESTRELLA, IST LKIF-Core Modules (1) 14 modules Top –top, mereology, place, time, process Basic –action, expression, role Legal –Norm, legal-role, legal- action Vocabulary & Frames –Modification, rules

© ESTRELLA, IST Top level 5 modules define the ‘canvas’ –Top, mereology, place, time, process Largely based on the top-level of LRI-Core but –Less ontological commitment –Less restrictions on subclasses of the top categories.

© ESTRELLA, IST Mereology (1): Concepts

© ESTRELLA, IST Mereology (2): Relations

© ESTRELLA, IST Time (1): Concepts Based on Allen (1984)

© ESTRELLA, IST Time (2): Relations

© ESTRELLA, IST Place (1): Concepts Based on Donnelly (05)

© ESTRELLA, IST Place (2): Relations

© ESTRELLA, IST Process (1): Concepts

© ESTRELLA, IST Process (2): Relations

© ESTRELLA, IST Basic level Defines concepts ‘basic’ to commonsense, communication and reasoning: –Agents, Actions and Plans –Roles Social roles, Functions and Epistemic Roles –Propositions and Propositional Attitudes Intentions, Beliefs –Expressions, Media 3 modules –Action, role, expression

© ESTRELLA, IST Action (1): Agent

© ESTRELLA, IST Action (2): Action

© ESTRELLA, IST Role (1): Three types Epistemic Role Define the use of mental objects in reasoning. Function Played by physical objects (artifacts) to a certain purpose Social Role –Organisation Role Played by an actor ‘as a member of’ an organisation –Person Role Played by an actor independent of organisational context

© ESTRELLA, IST Role (2): Overview

© ESTRELLA, IST Expression (1): Proposition and Medium Proposition –Evaluative proposition Something which is evaluated, ‘judged’ Evaluatively comparable to some other eval. Proposition Evaluated by some evaluative attitude –Expression Externalised through some medium Stated by some communicated attitude Medium –Bears expressions –e.g. Document: bears expressions stated by some statement in writing

© ESTRELLA, IST Expression (2): PA’s and Qualifications Held towards a proposition Propositional Attitude –Belief, Desire –Communicated Attitude Assertion, Declaration, Promise, Statment in Writing Created through a Speech Act Addressed to and uttered by some agent –Evaluative Attitude Expresses a judgment concerning some proposition –Intention Qualification vs. Qualified

© ESTRELLA, IST Expression (3): Epistemic Roles Evidence, Fact, Assumption, Expectation –Expectation is played by some P towards which a belief is held. –Evidence is played by some P (towards which a belief is held) which also plays some Observation. Observation –played by some PA which is observed by an Agent. Reason, Argument, Cause –Reason is played by some P, Argument by some E Exception

© ESTRELLA, IST Expression (4): Relations

© ESTRELLA, IST Legal level Legal action defines –Public acts, public bodies, legal person, natural person etc. Legal-role defines legal concepts related to roles –Legal professions etc. (more work needed) Norm module defines –Norms as qualifications (D1.1) –Legal sources, e.g. legal documents, customary law etc. –Typology of rights and powers (Sartor (2006), Rubino et al. (2006))

© ESTRELLA, IST Norm (1): Norms A Qualification which qualifies some Normatively Qualified Permission allows some/all Allowed –Obligation = Prohibition –Allows some/all Obliged and disallows some/all Disallowed Rights –Sartor: the legal or moral entitlement to do or refrain from doing something or to obtain or refrain from obtaining an action, thing or recogition in civil society. –Liability, Liberty, Obligative, Exclusionary and Permissive rights.

© ESTRELLA, IST Norm (2): Normatively Qualified

© ESTRELLA, IST Norm (3): Legal Sources

© ESTRELLA, IST Legal Action

© ESTRELLA, IST Frameworks Rules –Vocabulary of Tom Gordon’s LKIF rule language –Epistemic Roles Modification –Classification of modifications of legal texts (Monica Palmirani)

© ESTRELLA, IST Modification

© ESTRELLA, IST Rules (& Epistemic Roles)

© ESTRELLA, IST Problematic Things Inconsistencies –General Class Inclusion axioms Debugging –Entanglement of modules did not really help

© ESTRELLA, IST TODO’s & Conclusions Connection Norms & Expressions Legal Action & Role are underspecified Connect MetaLex OWL model to LKIF-Core Try and use it! –Marcello’s Traffic –Raad van State Ontology URL – Information – Documentation –