The Eastern Empire Survives and Europe Emerges

The Empire Splits Roman Empire had been divided into East/West by Diocletian Roman Empire had been divided into East/West by Diocletian Eastern Portion with the capital at Constantinople, became the center for Christianity Eastern Portion with the capital at Constantinople, became the center for Christianity

Fall of Rome Western portion of the Roman empire including Rome is overrun by invasion of Germanic groups around Western portion of the Roman empire including Rome is overrun by invasion of Germanic groups around Eastern portion remains untouched Eastern portion remains untouched

Germanic Kingdoms Germanic kingdoms began popping up all over the western portion of the old Roman Empire. Germanic kingdoms began popping up all over the western portion of the old Roman Empire. Western Europe experienced time of chaos, disorder, and darkness under Germanic rule Western Europe experienced time of chaos, disorder, and darkness under Germanic rule

Germanic Destruction Germans considered barbarians and brutal conquerors; murdering, raping, and turning victims into slaves Germans considered barbarians and brutal conquerors; murdering, raping, and turning victims into slaves The great cities and city systems of the old empire fell apart The great cities and city systems of the old empire fell apart Little trade or communication existed with other areas of the world Little trade or communication existed with other areas of the world Food production dropped causing starvation and reports of cannibalism Food production dropped causing starvation and reports of cannibalism

Germanic Destruction Learning nearly disappeared in the barbarian West Learning nearly disappeared in the barbarian West Most people grew up illiterate Most people grew up illiterate Only the Catholic Church provided hope or security for the people. Only the Catholic Church provided hope or security for the people.

Germanic Society Only Germanic Kingdom to last long was lead by Clovis who had converted to Christianity around 500 winning himself support from the Roman Catholic Church Only Germanic Kingdom to last long was lead by Clovis who had converted to Christianity around 500 winning himself support from the Roman Catholic Church Germans and Romans intermarried creating a new society with new customs Germans and Romans intermarried creating a new society with new customs Extended families center of German society living together and working together Extended families center of German society living together and working together

Germanic Justice German concept of family affected crime and punishment German concept of family affected crime and punishment Germanic laws were personal and often led to blood shed Germanic laws were personal and often led to blood shed Wergild (money for a man) wrongdoers literally paid for their crimes Wergild (money for a man) wrongdoers literally paid for their crimes Ordeal-physical trial based on diving intervention Ordeal-physical trial based on diving intervention

The Church End of the 4 th century Christianity is the supreme religion of the Roman Empire. End of the 4 th century Christianity is the supreme religion of the Roman Empire. The church develops a system of organization The church develops a system of organization

Organization of the Church Pope-leader of the Catholic Church Pope-leader of the Catholic Church Archbishop-leader of multiple bishops Archbishop-leader of multiple bishops Bishop-leader of a group of parishes Bishop-leader of a group of parishes Pope had various powers and would later become involved in politics (Pope Gregory I) Pope had various powers and would later become involved in politics (Pope Gregory I)

Monks Monasteries begin popping up Monasteries begin popping up Monks isolated themselves concentrating on work and prayer. Monks isolated themselves concentrating on work and prayer.

Charlemagne Frankish king from Frankish king from Strong warrior and statesmen Strong warrior and statesmen Strongly supported learning even though he was illiterate Strongly supported learning even though he was illiterate Expanded Frankish Kingdom creating the Carolingian Empire Expanded Frankish Kingdom creating the Carolingian Empire 800 crowned emperor of Rome symbolizing coming together Christian Rome and the Germanics. 800 crowned emperor of Rome symbolizing coming together Christian Rome and the Germanics.

Empire Falls Charlemagne’s empire falls apart after his death in 814 Charlemagne’s empire falls apart after his death in 814 Various groups invade including Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings Various groups invade including Muslims, Magyars, and Vikings

Feudalism

Feudalism Invaders caused a threat to people Invaders caused a threat to people Aristocrats and nobles expected to provide protection Aristocrats and nobles expected to provide protection Leads to political and social idea of feudalism Leads to political and social idea of feudalism

Feudalism Germanic society used the idea of vassalage Germanic society used the idea of vassalage Man who served a lord militarily was a vassal Man who served a lord militarily was a vassal Wealth based on landownership so when nobles wanted men to fight for them they granted them a fief Wealth based on landownership so when nobles wanted men to fight for them they granted them a fief Vassal would have political authority over fief and be responsible for keeping order Vassal would have political authority over fief and be responsible for keeping order Feudal contracts determined the relationship between lord and vassal Feudal contracts determined the relationship between lord and vassal

Feudal Obligations Kings Lords Knights Serfs Vassal to Lord: military service, advice, financial obligation Lord to Vassal: land grant, protect him militarily and in court

England in the Middle Ages Anglo-Saxon kings ruled England up until the 9 th century Anglo-Saxon kings ruled England up until the 9 th century 1066 William of Normandy defeats King Harold of England at Battle Hastings 1066 William of Normandy defeats King Harold of England at Battle Hastings William crowned king of England and slowly merges the Norman and Saxon cultures William crowned king of England and slowly merges the Norman and Saxon cultures

William of Normandy William develops system of taxation and royal courts (Domesday Book) William develops system of taxation and royal courts (Domesday Book) Domesday Book first census taken since Roman times Domesday Book first census taken since Roman times

King Henry II ( ) Strengthened the English Monarchy and expanded royal courts power Strengthened the English Monarchy and expanded royal courts power Courts all over the land so created a body of common law Courts all over the land so created a body of common law Believed he had the right to punish clergy as well Believed he had the right to punish clergy as well Archbishop Thomas a Becket disagreed and was later killed Archbishop Thomas a Becket disagreed and was later killed Death of Becket caused public outrage so Henry backed off Death of Becket caused public outrage so Henry backed off

Magna Carta 1215 Overtime kings powers kept growing Overtime kings powers kept growing 1215 nobles rebel against King John 1215 nobles rebel against King John King John forced to sign Magna Carta or Great Charter King John forced to sign Magna Carta or Great Charter Magna Carta limits the power of the monarch and would lead to the creation of the English Parliament under King Edward I (1 st Rep. Gov. in England) Magna Carta limits the power of the monarch and would lead to the creation of the English Parliament under King Edward I (1 st Rep. Gov. in England) House of Lords and House of Commons (taxes/passed laws) House of Lords and House of Commons (taxes/passed laws) House of lords-nobles/clergy House of Commons-Knights and peasants

The Byzantine Empire Constantinople became a wealthy trading center Constantinople became a wealthy trading center Even though the people still called themselves Romans this is referred to as the Byzantine Empire ( ) Even though the people still called themselves Romans this is referred to as the Byzantine Empire ( )

Importance of marks the year that the Christian city of Constantinople fell to the Muslim Turks who renamed it Istanbul marks the year that the Christian city of Constantinople fell to the Muslim Turks who renamed it Istanbul.

Justinian ( ) Considered the greatest emperor of the Byzantine Empire Considered the greatest emperor of the Byzantine Empire Expanded territory of the empire to North Africa, Sicily, Italy, and Southern Spain Expanded territory of the empire to North Africa, Sicily, Italy, and Southern Spain Contributions included the Church of Haga Sophia and Justinian’s Law Code Contributions included the Church of Haga Sophia and Justinian’s Law Code

Justinian’s Law Code Reformed and coded all Roman Law Reformed and coded all Roman Law Organized laws and put them in a unified form Organized laws and put them in a unified form Results in The Body of Civil Law Results in The Body of Civil Law Lasts until end of eastern empire and influences European and American legal codes Lasts until end of eastern empire and influences European and American legal codes