Medieval Europe Feudalism

Charlemagne Takes Center Stage built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome

Charlemagne Takes Center Stage built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire

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Charlemagne Takes Center Stage Government limited the authority of nobles regularly visited every part of his kingdom

Charlemagne Takes Center Stage Emperor of the Romans 800 - Pope Leo III crowned him emperor - the first European king to claim the title

Charlemagne Takes Center Stage Education & Learning ordered monasteries to open schools that trained future monks and priests

Charlemagne Takes Center Stage Record Keeping monks helped to make handwritten copies of Latin books

What is Feudalism? a system of governing and landholding based on land for loyalty military protection = a land grant (fief)

The Feudal Social Structure King consolidated his power by providing land grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty King

The Feudal Social Structure King consolidated his power by providing land grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty King Nobles wealthy landowners who pledged their loyalty to the king Nobles

The Feudal Social Structure King consolidated his power by providing land grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty King Nobles wealthy landowners who pledged their loyalty to the king Church Officials bishops and cardinals who were often of noble birth Church Officials Nobles

The Feudal Social Structure King consolidated his power by providing land grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty King Nobles wealthy landowners who pledged their loyalty to the king Church Officials bishops and cardinals who were often of noble birth Church Officials Nobles Knights warriors who pledged to defend their lords’ lands in exchange for fiefs Knights

The Feudal Social Structure King consolidated his power by providing land grants (fiefs) in exchange for loyalty King Nobles wealthy landowners who pledged their loyalty to the king Church Officials bishops and cardinals who were often of noble birth Church Officials Nobles Knights warriors who pledged to defend their lords’ lands in exchange for fiefs Knights Peasants vast majority of people, toiled in the fields, known as serfs (people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born) Peasants

The World of Warriors knighthood training began at age 7

The World of Warriors knighthood training began at age 7 continued until 21

The World of Warriors knighthood training began at age 7 continued until 21 knights were vassals who pledged service and loyalty to a lord

The Code of Chivalry: brave, loyal and true to one’s word

The Code of Chivalry: brave, loyal and true to one’s word fight fairly and be generous to one’s enemies

The Code of Chivalry: brave, loyal and true to one’s word fight fairly and be generous to one’s enemies treat captured knights well/release for ransom

The Code of Chivalry: brave, loyal and true to one’s word fight fairly and be generous to one’s enemies treat captured knights well/release for ransom protect and cherish women

Comparing Chivalry

What is Manorialism? the economic system of the Middle Ages based on self-sufficiency

A Self Contained World: Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor

A Self Contained World: Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor Lord’s manor house, a church, workshops

A Self Contained World: Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor Lord’s manor house, a church, workshops 15-30 families lived in the village

A Self Contained World: Peasants didn’t travel more than 25 miles from the manor Lord’s manor house, a church, workshops 15-30 families lived in village Serfs (peasants) produced all they needed (self-sufficient) crops, fuel, cloth, leather goods, lumber, etc.

The Harshness of Manor Life: tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill

The Harshness of Manor Life: tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill marriage tax marriage needed lords consent

The Harshness of Manor Life: tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill marriage tax marriage needed lords consent Church tax tithe = 1/10 of income

The Harshness of Manor Life: tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill marriage tax marriage needed lords consent Church tax tithe = 1/10 of income crowded and dirty living conditions

The Harshness of Manor Life: tax on all grain ground in the lord’s mill marriage tax marriage needed lords consent Church tax tithe = 1/10 of income crowded and dirty living conditions poor diet and health

The Three Field System Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three

The Three Field System Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three increased yields of food production Allows for more variety of crops to be planted

The Three Field System Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three increased yields of food production Allows for more variety of crops to be planted improves the diet and health of people

The Three Field System Based on rotating crops from a two-field system to three increased yields of food production Allows for more variety of crops to be planted improves the diet and health of people and fuels a population increase

The Church Scope and Authority of the Church held spiritual power and some political power the right to sanctify (pick) a monarch

The Church Religion as a unifying Force shared beliefs and teaching bond people together stable force = security and community

The Church Church Structure different ranks of clergy Pope, bishops, cardinals, priests

The Church Church Justice cannon law = marriage and religious practices Excommunication = kicked out of church and denial of salvation

Centers of Learning monks and nuns were better educated preserved the writings of the ancient world the Greek, Roman, and Byzantine classics

The Crusades What were the Crusades? Seljuk Turks threatened Byzantium 1093, Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus asked Pope Urban II in Rome for help 1095, Council of Clermont calls for a crusade to recapture Jerusalem

1076 Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem and began to restrict access of Christian pilgrims to the holy places. 1095 Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus, threatened by Muslim advances towards Constantinople, appealed to the pope for help against the Seljuk Turks. Pope Urban II proclaimed a holy war. 1096–99 First Crusade, led by Baldwin of Boulogne, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Peter the Hermit. Motivated by occupation of Anatolia and Jerusalem by Seljuk Turks. 1099 Capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders, accompanied by looting and massacre. A number of small crusader states established on the Syrian coast. 1147–49 Second Crusade, led by Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III, failed to capture Damascus and Edessa.

1187 Jerusalem seized by Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria and leader of the Muslims against the crusaders. 1189–92 Third Crusade, led by Philip II Augustus of France and Richard I the Lion-Heart of England, failed to recapture Jerusalem. 1202–04 Fourth Crusade, led by William of Montferrata and Baldwin of Hainault. Originally intended to recover the holy places, it was diverted by its Venetian financial backers to sack and divide Constantinople. 1212 Children's Crusade. Thousands of children crossed Europe on their way to Palestine but many were sold into slavery in Marseille, or died of disease and hunger. 1218–21 Fifth Crusade, led by King Andrew of Hungary, Cardinal Pelagius, King John of Jerusalem, and King Hugh of Cyprus. Captured and then lost Damietta, Egypt.

1228–29 Sixth Crusade, led by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II 1228–29 Sixth Crusade, led by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick II. Jerusalem recovered by negotiation with the sultan of Egypt. 1244 Jerusalem finally lost, to remain in Turkish hands until liberated by the British general Allenby in 1917. 1249–54 Seventh Crusade led by Louis IX of France. 1270–72 Eighth Crusade, also led by Louis IX of France. 1291 Acre, the last Christian fortress in Syria, fell to the Turks.

Krak des Chevaliers, Syria

Causes Muslims controlled the Holy Land and threatened Constantinople Byzantine Emperor calls for help Pope appeals to Christian knights knight feel religious zeal and want land, riches, and adventure Italian cities desire commercial power

Effects Byzantine Empire is weakened Pope’s power declines power of feudal nobles weakened kings become stronger religious intolerance grows Italian cities expand trade and grow rich Muslims distrust Christians trade grows between Europe and Asia Europeans adopt Muslim technology