Old English/Anglo-Saxon Period Years: 449-1066 Content: strong belief in fate juxtaposition of church and pagan worlds admiration of heroic warriors who prevail in battle express religious faith and give moral instruction through literature

Style/Genres: oral tradition of literature poetry dominant genre unique verse form caesura alliteration repetition 4 beat rhythm

Effect: Christianity helps literacy to spread introduces Roman alphabet to Britain oral tradition helps unite diverse peoples and their myths   Historical Context: life centered around ancestral tribes or clans that ruled themselves at first the people were warriors from invading outlying areas: Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Danes later they were agricultural

Key Literature/Authors: Beowulf Bede Exeter Book

Middle English Period (The Medieval Period) Years: 1066-1485 Content: plays that instruct the illiterate masses in morals and religion chivalric code of honor romances religious devotion

Style/Genres: oral tradition continues folk ballads mystery and miracle plays morality plays stock epithets kennings   frame stories moral tales Effect: church instructs its people through the morality and miracle plays an illiterate population is able to hear and see the literature

Historical Context: Crusades bring the development of a money economy for the first time in Britain trading increases dramatically as a result of the Crusades William the Conqueror crowned king in 1066 Henry III crowned king in 1154 brings a judicial system, royal courts, juries, and chivalry to Britain   Key Literature/Authors: Domesday Book L’Morte de Arthur Geoffrey Chaucer

The Renaissance Years: 1485-1660 Content: world view shifts from religion and after life to one stressing the human life on earth popular theme: development of human potential popular theme: many aspects of love explored unrequited love constant love timeless love courtly love love subject to change

Style/Genres: poetry sonnet drama written in verse supported by royalty tragedies, comedies, histories metaphysical poetry elaborate and unexpected metaphors called conceits Effect:   commoners welcomed at some play productions (like ones at the Globe) while conservatives try to close the theaters on grounds that they promote brazen behaviors not all middle-class embrace the metaphysical poets and their abstract conceits

Historical Context: War of Roses ends in 1485 and political stability arrives Printing press helps stabilize English as a language and allows more people to read a variety of literature Economy changes from farm-based to one of international trade   Key Literature/Authors: William Shakespeare   John Donne Cavalier Poets Metaphysical Poets   Christopher Marlowe Andrew Marvell

Neoclassical Period (The Restoration) Years: 1660-1798 Content: emphasis on reason and logic stresses harmony, stability, wisdom Locke: a social contract exists between the government and the people. The government governs guaranteeing “natural rights” of life, liberty, and property Style/Genres: satire:  uses irony and exaggeration to poke fun at human faults  and foolishness in order to correct human behavior poetry essays letters, diaries, biographies novels

Effect: emphasis on the individual belief that man is basically evil approach to life: “the world as it should be” Historical Context: 50% of the men are functionally literate (a dramatic rise) Fenced enclosures of land cause demise of traditional village life Factories begin to spring up as industrial revolution begins Impoverished masses begin to grow as farming life declines and factories build Coffee houses—where educated men spend evenings with literary and political associates

Key Literature/Authors: Alexander Pope Daniel Defoe Jonathan Swift Samuel Johnson John Bunyan

Romanticism Years: 1798 – 1832 Content: human knowledge consists of impressions and ideas formed in the individual’s mind introduction of gothic elements and terror/horror stories and novels  in nature one can find comfort and peace that the man-made urbanized towns and factory environments cannot offer

Style/Genres: poetry lyrical ballads Effects: evil attributed to society not to human nature human beings are basically good movement of protest: a desire for personal freedom children seen as hapless victims of  poverty and exploitation

Historical Context: Napoleon rises to power in France and opposes England militarily and economically gas lamps developed philosophy that government should NOT interfere with private enterprise middle class gains representation in the British parliament Railroads begin to run

Key Literature/Authors: Novelists: Jane Austen, Mary Shelley Poets: Robert Burns, William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Shelley, John Keats

Victorian Period Years: 1832-1900 Content: conflict between those in power and the common masses of laborers and the poor  shocking life of sweatshops and urban poor is highlighted in literature to insist on reform country versus city life sexual discretion (or lack of it)   strained coincidences romantic triangles heroines in physical danger aristocratic villains misdirected letters bigamous marriages

novel becomes popular for first time; mass produced for the first time Genres/Styles: novel becomes popular for first time; mass produced for the first time bildungsroman: “coming of age” political novels detective novels: (Sherlock Holmes) serialized novels elegies poetry: easier to understand dramatic monologues drama: comedies of manners magazines offer stories to the masses

Effect: literature begins to reach the masses   Historical Context: paper becomes cheap; magazines and novels cheap to mass produce   unprecedented growth of industry and business in Britain unparalleled dominance of nations, economies and trade abroad

Key Literature/Authors: Charles Dickens Thomas Hardy Rudyard Kipling Robert Louis Stevenson George Eliot Oscar Wilde Alfred Lord Tennyson Charles Darwin Charlotte Bronte Robert Browning

Modern/Post Modern Period of Literature Years: 1900-1980 Content: lonely individual fighting to find peace and comfort in a world that has lost its absolute values and traditions   man is nothing except what he makes of himself   a belief in situational ethics—no absolute values. Decisions are based on the situation one is involved in at the moment   mixing of fantasy with nonfiction; blurs lines of reality for reader loss of the hero in literature destruction made possible by technology

Genres/Styles: poetry: free verse epiphanies begin to appear in literature   speeches   memoir   Novels stream of consciousness detached, unemotional, humorless present tense magic realism

Effect: an approach to life: “Seize life for the moment and get all you can out of it.”   Historical Context: British Empire loses 1 million soldiers to World War I Winston Churchill leads Britain through WW II, and the Germans bomb England directly British colonies demand independence

Key Literature/Authors James Joyce Joseph Conrad D.H. Lawrence Graham Greene Dylan Thomas Nadine Gordimer George Orwell William Butler Yeats Bernard Shaw

Contemporary Period of Literature (Post Modern Period Continued) 1980-Present Content: concern with connections between people exploring interpretations of the past open-mindedness and courage that comes from being an outsider escaping those ways of living that blind and dull the human spirit

Genres/Styles: all genres represented fictional confessional/diaries   50% of contemporary fiction is written in the first person narratives: both fiction and nonfiction   emotion-provoking humorous irony storytelling emphasized autobiographical essays mixing of fantasy with nonfiction; blurs lines of reality for reader

Effect: too soon to tell Historical Context: a world growing smaller due to ease of communications between societies a world launching a new beginning of a century and a millennium media culture interprets values and events for individuals

Key Literature/Authors: Seamus Heaney Doris Lessing Louis de Bernieres Kazuo Ishiguro Tom Stoppard Salman Rushdie John Le Carre Ken Follett