Basic Copy Cataloging (Books) Prepared by Lynnette Fields, Lori Murphy, Kathy Nystrom, Shelley Stone as an LSTA grant “Funding for this grant was awarded by the Illinois State Library (ISL), a Division of the Office of the Secretary of State, using funds provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Service (IMLS), under the Federal Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA).”

2 Session 9: Subject Analysis Fundamental concepts and rules of subject analysis Keywords vs. controlled vocabularies How do librarians add controlled vocabulary to bibliographic records? Characteristics of LCSH Building subject headings Subject heading tools

3 Haykin’s Fundamental Concepts Your patron is the focus Unity (1 primary heading or 1 call number for all material on that subject) Usage (heading is common usage for reader) English vs. foreign terms—prefer English Specificity—be as specific as possible

4 Sayers’ Classification Rules Place book where it will be most useful (i.e., analyze your user) Class by subject, then form Consider predominant tendency/ purpose of book (i.e., the subject concerned, rather than the audience aimed at. Example: chemistry for pre- med)

5 Sayers, cont’d Be as specific as possible (=close classification) If no number or subject exists as yet, put where closest If 2-3 subjects, classify under dominant & cover others with subject headings; if more than 3, classify under general heading covering all Class 1 subject applied to another with the subject to which application is made, e.g., Math for accounting

6 Sayers, cont’d Classify pro & con books together—be honest towards the author’s intent Avoid classification that implies criticism— describe, don’t judge Always have reasons for decisions Document your decisions CHECK SUBJECT/CALL NUMBER IN USE IN YOUR CATALOG. CONSISTENT CATALOGING MAKES FOR A COHERENT CATALOG

7 Keyword = retrieves term located almost anywhere in bibliographic record, e.g., title, note, subjects, authors, other titles, series [post- coordination] Controlled vocabulary = retrieves in a subject search the defined, related, chosen terms added to bibliographic record as subject headings [pre- coordination] Keywords vs. Controlled Vocabularies

8 Keyword Keyword relies on post-coordinated combinations of individual terms—if user can’t think of synonyms, a lot will be missed Keyword doesn’t allow for different meanings for same terms—looks for word, not context Keyword retrieves jumble of info, some relevant & some completely not  BUT Keyword can retrieve new, distinctive terms not included in controlled vocabularies yet Keyword results can be narrowed with proximity or other qualifiers

9 Search by Keyword “stress” With no further qualification, you could retrieve items on –psychology –engineering –linguistics –botany –etc.

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11 Controlled Vocabulary Authorized terms distinguish different meanings of identical words Pre-coordinated subject strings add hierarchy & relevance to search Browse displays of pre-coordinated subject strings allow for organized hit lists to click on for specific title information

12 Controlled Vocabulary, cont’d Browse displays are the only mechanism providing vocabulary control of free- floating elements of subject headings Patrons don’t need to know or type in complete string—only first element Meaning of pre-coordinated phrases and Menu visible in browse searches are equally important

13 Keyword “Yugoslavia” and “History” Overwhelming, jumbled results Too many responses with right words in inappropriate contexts

14 10,000 + !!!

15 Subject Browse on “Yugoslavia” Yugoslavia Yugoslavia—Antiquities Yugoslavia—Bibliography Yugoslavia—Civilization Yugoslavia—Economic conditions Yugoslavia—Historical geography Yugoslavia--History Yugoslavia—Politics and government Yugoslavia—Social life and customs

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17 So… what do catalogers do to add controlled vocabulary to bibliographic records? We try to figure out what the book is about—

18 To begin with, we: Examine all works [book, non-book, fiction, non-fiction] for subject content –title –abstract –introduction –preface –table of contents –index –bibliography –jacket or cover or label or box blurbs –accompanying materials, inserts, boxes Identify main subjects Identify author’s point of view

19 Then, we use the primary source of controlled vocabulary, Library of Congress Subject Headings, aka LCSH or “the red books,” either in print or online in OCLC’s Connexion or in LC’s Cataloger’s Desktop. LCSH has subject terms, additions to terms, and helpful notes about how and when to use them. It also sometimes includes suggested LC classification numbers.

20 There are several types of headings: –Single wordsPoor –Qualified wordsIris (Eye) –PhrasesCareer plateaus –Inverted phrasesMedicine, Arab –Series of nounsLaw reports, digests, etc. –Some uniform titlesBible Some Important LCSH Characteristics

21 Few—almost none!—personal or corporate names. George Bush & Federal Bureau of Investigation aren’t included Recent trend toward natural word order (rather than inverted) and fewer hyphenated terms “Pattern headings”, e.g., –Corn (for plants and crops) –Shakespeare (for personal authors) Subdivisions are preceded by -- in LCSH & are separately subfielded in MARC authority records A Few More…

22 Looking at an LCSH page, note: Indentions, preceded by hyphens Boldface entries Scope notes Cross reference structure LCC numbers Capitalization Punctuation Alphabetization in structured display

23 Chicachas Indians USE Chickasaw Indians Chicago, Judy, Dinner party UF Dinner party (Art) BT Art, American Chicago (Ill.) -- Description To Haymarket Square Riot, 1886 USE Haymarket Square Riot, Chicago, Ill., History [F548] To Civil War, [F548.4] Massacre, 1812 USE Massacres—Illinois—Chicago -- Politics and government -- --To Chicago (Ill.)—Politics and government— Riot, 1968 (August) Chicago (Ill.). North Lawndale USE North Lawndale (Chicago, Ill.) Bold vs. unbolded Indentions Hyphens USE, UF, BT

24 Some LCSH terms you should know: Subject headings/terms Subject subdivisions Pattern headings Subject heading strings “May subdivide geog.” direction Scope notes Cross references [the BT, RT, etc., we’ll talk about later today]

25 Terms Defined Subject headings/terms = Initial subject elements in string Subject subdivisions = Various elements that are added to initial subject terms Pattern headings = examples of subdivisions that can be used with similar subjects Subject heading strings = subject term + any subdivision(s) connected within single field

26 “May subdivide geog.” direction = permission to add geographic subdivision after subject or subdivision term Scope notes = explanation of how term or subdivision should be used Cross references: BT = broader term; RT = related term; NT = narrower term; sa = see also; USE = use term directed to; UF = used for

27 Alphabetization & Capitalization Rules Topic Topic—Subdivisions Topic, Inverted extension Topic (Qualifying term) Topic with other words in phrase

28 Structured Display in Action Reading—Ability testing Reading—Abstracts—Periodicals Reading—Congresses Reading—Research Reading, Psychology of Reading (Adult education) Reading (England) Reading comprehension

29 BREAK??

30 Kinds of Subdivisions Topical--Growth[MARC $x] Form--Fiction[MARC $v] Chronological--To 1950[MARC $y] Geographic--France[MARC $z] CLUE: You can sometimes find a scope note about the use of a term as a subdivision under entry for its use as a subject heading, whether boldface or not

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33 Authorized Subdivisions Established specifically for use under particular heading 650 _0 Cinematography $x Special effects. 651 _0 France $x History $y Free-floating may be used under certain types of headings without being established specifically 650 _0 Biochemistry $v Congresses. 651 _0 New York (N.Y.) $x Buildings, structures, etc. 650 _0 Short stories, American $x History and criticism Pattern headings may be applied as appropriate

34 Pattern headings give you a bunch of possible subdivisions for a particular kind of subject heading, e.g., subdivisions appropriate or possible after names of plants. These subdivisions aren’t repeated after every plant name in LCSH—the pattern serves as the primary listing of possible subdivisions for any plant.

35 Some Pattern Headings in LCSH Pattern headingsExamples Animals (general)Fishes Animals (domestic)Cattle DiseasesCancer; TB Organ, body regionsHeart; Foot Plants & cropsCorn Indiv. lit. authorsShakespeare CityChicago, Ill. StateOhio CountryU.S.

36 Compare Carrots [in Connexion authority search] …

37 to Corn And we’re only at the C’s!!!

38 All the subdivisions listed under Corn can be used—when appropriate—after carrots, potatoes, wheat, etc. Ditto for authors (Shakespeare’s the pattern), cities (follow Chicago) … OCLC’s Connexion includes list of pattern headings at n/browser/authorities/find_auth_records/find_auth _records_pdf.pdf

39 Building Subject Heading Strings Find appropriate subject heading Look for established subdivisions Add appropriate free-floating subdivisions Check pattern headings for more possibilities Watch for permission by “multiples,” e.g., English language -- Dictionaries -- French, [Italian, etc.]

40 Preferred Order of Terms in Subject Heading Strings General subject heading—Topical subdivision—Geographic subdivision— Chronological subdivision—Form subdivision 650 _0$a $x $z $y $v 650 _0$a Spanish language $x Dialects $z Spain $x History $y 19 th century $v Dictionaries. Place follows last element that allows geographical subdivision, when there’s a choice: Not Topic—Place—Topic But Topic—Topic—Place

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43 Geographic subdivision is always indirect — except Jerusalem & Washington, D.C. — using latest name of place 650 _0 Birds $z United States. 650 _0 Birds $z Missouri. 650 _0 Birds $z Missouri $z Saint Louis. 650 _0 Birds $z Washington (D.C.) NOT 650 _0 Birds $z Saint Louis. NOT 650 _0 Birds $z United States $z Missouri.

44 Miscellaneous Facts If about history or government, whose history or government is most important starting point 651 _0 Connecticut $x Politics and government. Reciprocal headings are sometimes required, e.g., 2- way language dictionary; 2-way foreign relations text 651 _0 China $x Foreign relations $z Brazil. 651 _0 Brazil $x Foreign relations $z China.

45 Looking at an LCSH Authority Record in MARC, note: 1XX field = authorized form 4XX field(s) = unauthorized, see from form 5XX field(s) = authorized, see also from form 053 field(s) = LC call numbers fixed field info about usage, subdividing geographically, source, rules, etc.

46 Note L.C. call numbers Broader term Unused term

47 MARC Bibliographic Fields* for Subject Headings 600Personal name subject heading 610Corporate name subject heading 611Conference name subject heading 650Topical subject heading 651Geographical subject heading 690Local subject heading 650 _4Local subject heading, patterned after LCSH construction *All represented in ARs as 1XX fields, e.g., 100, 150, 151

48 Subject Heading Tools LCSH Free-Floating Subdivisions: an Alphabetical Index LC Period Subdivisions under Names of Places Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings OCLC’s Connexion database authority file [really LC’s authority file, loaded in OCLC] OCLC’s Connexion database heading verification (control heading) LCSH pattern heading list in Connexion LC authority file Local system’s heading verification Library of Congress Subject Headings: Principles and Application / Lois Mai Chan.

49 Let’s Add Subject Headings to Our “Fake Books”

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53 MARC Subject Coding for Our Fake Books 650 _0 Cataloging. 650 _0 Classification.

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55 LUNCH

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