During the semester Introductions Basics of earthquakes History and Recording Damaging earthquakes and understanding seismic exposure Undertake loss assessment.

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Measuring Earthquakes

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Presentation transcript:

During the semester Introductions Basics of earthquakes History and Recording Damaging earthquakes and understanding seismic exposure Undertake loss assessment Seismic analysis; and design and detailing (RCC and Masonry)

History of Earthquakes and recording them

Historical Timeline

Historical timeline (BC) Simple scientific observations. Such as water in jars. Animal Movements Texts and their interpretation change with time China, India and so on India: Meditation?

Historical Milestones 1820: European/French observations in Chile 1850: Robert Mallet measures Seismic Wave Velocity - US 1850: Luigi Palmieri – Electro Magnetic Seismograph - Italy 1872: Fault line theory by Grove Gilbert, US 1910: Theory of Plate tectonics published by Alfred Wegener 1900’s:Increase in recording stations 1980’s: Internet

Recording Koyona File Link to recording instrument definitions List of stations in Gujarat Local recording helps reduce error. Ex. PGA Youtube / USGS / Pacific center videos on history

Seismometers

Acclerographs

Recording Waveforms Wave Amplitude Converted to velocity and accelerations

Richter Magnitude Release of Energy, but scaled to M L which is dimensionless Where, A Maximum excursion of the Amplitude Wood-Anderson seismograph δ Epicentre distance A 0 Empirical function for distance

Moment Magnitude (M w ) Mechanical Work – M w (Dimensionless) Mo = Seismic Moment = μAD (Nm) – Where μ = shear modulus or modulus of rigidity of the soil underneath (dyne/ cm 2 ) A = area of the rupture along the geologic fault (cm 2 )geologic fault D = average displacement on A (in cm)

Recording Waveforms Wave Amplitude Converted to velocity and accelerations

Reiterate points In simple terms means ‘Recording Ground Motions’ The study of earthquakes is called seismology Observations is made near faults Various types/depths/nature of faults Various techniques of recording ground motions using accelerographs/seismographs/seismometers

History of Earthquakes - Use HistoricHistoric 2.20 th Century20 th Century 3.21 st Century Earthquakes21 st Century Earthquakes - Change in Quantity and Quality of information. - Earthquake History Parameters (Size, Time, Duration, Magnitude, Intensity) Discuss

History of Earthquakes See Internet as history Wikipedia Real time earthquake monitoring sites. Such as- GSHAP on 19 th Dec 10 on 19 th Dec 10 Youtube videos tell about human sensitivity Discussions

Next Class Organize a visit to seismic monitoring stations

During the semester Introductions Basics of earthquakes History and Recording Recent damaging earthquakes and understanding seismic exposure Undertake loss assessment Seismic analysis; and design and detailing (RCC and Masonry)