BY ADVIK THE SCIENCE OF EARTHQUAKES

WHERE DO EARTHQUAKES USUALLY HAPPEN? Fault Lines around the World such as the San Andreas fault in California and the Ring of fire that runs through the pacific ocean

HOW OFTEN DO EARTHQUAKES HAPPEN T100 Earthquakes that can damage objects happen every year 100,000 Earthquakes are felt every year or above level earthquake happens a year

NATURAL STRUCTURES INVOLVED The Earth and The Tectonic Plates of the Earth rubbing side to side

WHAT USUALLY HAPPENS Usually it is a small earthquake which no one feels and daily life resumes. these happen a lot of times a day.

EXTREME SCENARIOS Cities and Countries can get totaled Power outages are common in big earthquakes The most recent of these would be the Japan 2011 Earthquake/Tsunami This video is an earthquake in Turkey in 2011

HOW ARE EARTHQUAKES MEASURED The Richter Scale measures seismic waves and represents them on a logarithmic scale which determines how strong an earthquake is. Here is the scale found on Scholastic 9.0 and above — Causes complete devastation and large-scale loss of life. 8.0 — Very few buildings stay up. Bridges fall down. Underground pipes burst. Railroad rails bend. Large rocks move. Smaller objects are tossed into the air. Some objects are swallowed up by the earth. 7.0 — It is hard to keep your balance. The ground cracks. Roads shake. Weak buildings fall down. Other buildings are badly damaged. 6.0 — Pictures can fall off walls. Furniture moves. In some buildings, walls may crack. 5.0 — If you are in a car, it may rock. Glasses and dishes may rattle. Windows may break. 4.0 — Buildings shake a little. It feels like a truck is passing by your house. 3.0 — You may notice this quake if you are sitting still, or upstairs in a house. A hanging object, like a model airplane, may swing. 2.0 — Trees sway. Small ponds ripple. Doors swing slowly. But you can't tell that an earthquake is to blame. 1.0 — Earthquakes this small happen below ground. You can't feel them.

AFTER AFFECTS Common after effects of earthquakes are more small earthquakes, avalanches, landslides, and tsunamis.

KEY TERMS aftershock: ground shaking that occurs after the main shock of an earthquake. epicenter: the point on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake, where seismic waves first appear. fault: crack in Earth's surface where two plates or sections of the crust push and slide in opposite directions against one another. foreshock: ground shaking that occurs before the main shock of an earthquake. magnitude: the power of an earthquake, as recorded by a seismograph, or seismometer. Richter scale: scale developed by American seismologist Charles Richter that describes the amount of energy released by an earthquake. seismic waves: vibrations that move outward from the focus of an earthquake, causing the ground to shake. seismograph: instrument used to detect and measure seismic waves. Also known as a seismometer.

KEY SCIENTISTS Charles Richter, an American seismologist who made the current scale for measuring earthquakes, The Richter Scale Giuseppe Mercalli, an Italian seismologist which made a less common scale called a Mercalli scale which measured quakes by actual damage and how much it was felt by humans Moment Magnitude Typical Maximum Modified Mercalli Intensity 1.0 – 3.0 I 3.0 – 3.9 II – III 4.0 – 4.9 IV – V 5.0 – 5.9 VI – VII 6.0 – 6.9 VII – VIII 7.0+ IX or higher

CREDITS How often do earthquakes happen. Where do Earthquakes usually happen Natural Structures Involved How are Earthquakes Measured? After Effects Key words Key Scientists ategoryId= ategoryId= aiti-earthquake-natural-disaster aiti-earthquake-natural-disaster ynamicearth/plate.html ynamicearth/plate.html khanacademy.org and search Richter Scale. RDpTEjumdo RDpTEjumdo renceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsW indow?displayGroupName=Referenc e&disableHighlighting=false&prodId= SCIC&action=e&windowstate=norma l&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX &mode=view Same link as 6 th link for Key words and Key Scientists.