Age of Exploration Chapters 14 and 15

Cycle of Conquest and Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries  Permanent Settlers  Official European Colony

How did people see the world before 1492?

What were the motives for European Exploration God, Gold, and Glory! Crusades Renaissance Reformation New monarchs Scientific Revolution Fame and fortune

What technology was needed to complete explorations? Better maps Compass Astrolabe The Printing Press Gunpowder

European Explorers Prince Henry the Navigator- Portugal

European Explorers Prince Henry the Navigator- Portugal School for Navigation- 1418 Sailed down the west coast of Africa 14 expeditions over 12 years Went to Cape Bojador

Other Portuguese Explorers Bartolommeo Dias- 1487 Vasco da Gama- 1498 Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque

Dias and da Gama Bartholomew Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa in 1488 Vasco da Gama went around Africa and went to the Indian Ocean. He lost half his ships on the way home from getting Asian spices

Explorers from Spain Christopher Columbus Vasco Nunez de Balboa Ferdinand Magellan

Christopher Columbus 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue Italian sailor from Genoa, convinced Spanish monarchs to finance his trip to India Columbus thought that he arrived in Asia when he arrived in America

Issues with Columbus’ findings Spain and Portugal claimed the islands that Columbus had explored on Pope Alexander VI established the Line of Demarcation- divided the non-European world into two zones. Spain could explore and trade west of the line while Portugal could trade east. 2 years later with the Treaty of Tordesillas- the two nations agreed to move the line

Christopher Columbus’ Four Voyages

Bartholomew de Las Casas Went with Columbus on his second voyage Criticized Columbus for the way he treated the Native Americans

Ferdinand Magellan and the First Circumnavigation of the World

Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

Age of Conquest Hernando Cortes: Conquered Aztecs Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas Why were they successful? Used armor, hordes, and powerful weapons that the Native Americans did not have Spanish found allies among Native American groups who hated being ruled by the Aztecs and Incas Diseases brought by Europeans killed millions of native peoples

Cortez vs. Montezuma II Aztecs

Pizarro vs. Atahualpa Incas

The Old Imperialism The Spanish Empire: Conquered Aztec, Incan, and Mayan lands in Central and South America Had to compete with Portugal resulting in the Treaty of Tordesillas Spanish set up the Encomienda System

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Native Indians and Black Slaves

Battle for North America After Spain came to North America, other European powers came as well including: Dutch, English, and French. They were looking for the Northwest Passage to Asia French settled in Canada in 1600- originally named it New France. Had trading posts from Quebec to Louisiana

Battle for North America English established their first permanent colony in North America in 1607. English came for profit, to own their own land, seeking religious freedom English monarch had control over the 13 colonies but each of the colonies had a self- government

Battle for North America Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands clashed over territory British defeated the French in the French and Indian War France had to give up Canada to England

Triangular Trade and Mercantilism Mercantilism is an economic system of Imperialism Goal: nations sought a self-sufficient economy Strategy created a favorable balance of trade where one country exported far more than it imported Colonies exist to benefit the mother country

Triangular Trade Involved Europe, Africa, and the Americas Europeans came to view enslaved Africans as the most valuable African trade good Europe began buying large numbers of Africans to satisfy the labor shortage on American plantations.

The Slave Trade Developed as Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans Between the 16th century and 19th century- about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas

Slave ships

The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough Slaves

Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??

Overall impact of European Expansion Slavery in the New World Creation of Empires- Golden Age of Spain Influx of gold and silver into Europe  “Price Revolution” New products introduced across the continents  Columbian Exchange Deepened rivalries between countries in Europe over their New World and Asian colonies