Presentation on Over view of Indian Transmission Grid

TOPICS Generation, Transmission and Distribution utilities Indian Power Scenario Long Range Transmission Plans (Development of National Grid) Load Dispatch Centers

Indian Power Sector – Generation, Transmission and Distribution Utilities Electricity is a concurrent subject, i.e Development and Management of this sector by both Central and state Governments Central Sector Generating utilities- NTPC, NHPC, NLC, NEEPCO, THDC , NPCIL & NJPC Transmission Utility – POWERGRID, wheels power of Central generating utilities and inter state Mega IPPS State sector Mostly Vertically integrated. i.e Responsible for Generation, Transmission and Distribution of power within the state Reform process are underway and many SEB’s have been divided into three different corporations viz., GENCO, TRANSCO and DISCO There are few private distribution agencies as bulk licensee namely CESC, BSES, Tata Power, AECO etc. Three levels for Grid management system adopted, namely, National ( to be evolved) Regional and state- Implementation and Operation of National and Regional LD&C and their modernization are the responsibility of the Central Transmission Utility (CTU) I.e POWERGRID State LD&C is under the State transmission Utility(STU)

Indian Power Scenario

Power Scenario – at a Glance Indian Power System is being operated as five Electrical regions Northern, Southern, Western, Eastern and North=Eastern Region. Installed capacity - 1,08,000 MW Coal – 71% Hydro – 25% Nuclear & others – 4% Peak demand Peak power - 81,555 MW Energy (average) - 1430 MU/day Availability Peak power - 71,260 MW Energy (average) - 1325 MU/day Shortage Peak power - 10,300 MW (12.6%) Energy - 107 MU/day (7.5%)

Inter Regional Links - Existing All the five regions are inter connected through inter regional links. Inter Regional links ER and SR: 500 MW HVDC back to back at Gazuwaka NR and WR : 500 MW HVDC back to back at Vindhyachal WR and SR : 1000 MW HVDc back to back at Chandrapur. ER and NR : 500 MW HVDC back to back at Sasaram( to be commissioned shortly) ER and WR : Rourkela – Raipur 400 kV Ac link ( to be commissioned shortly) ER and NER : Malda- Bongaigaon Synchronous link Cumulative Inter Regional Power transfer Capacity– 4850 MW

Indian Transmission System – Present Figs. are in ckt. km State Central Total (POWERGRID) HVDC 1,504 1,632 3,136 800 KV 400 550 950 400 kV 13,000 32,500 45,500 220/132 kV 2,06,000 9000 2,15,000

POWERGRID - THE TRANSMISSION ORGANIZATION Incorporated in 1989 and started operation on management basis w.e.f. August, 1991 Notified as Central Transmission Utility (CTU) in December 1998 to discharge following functions Undertake Inter-state Transmission of energy Planning and co-ordination Exercise Supervision and Control of Inter-state Transmission including operation of RLDCs Direction, control & supervision of the functions (construction maintenance & operation) of Transmission Licensees

GROWTH PROFILE 1992-93 2001-02 Growth (%) Physical (Provisional) No. of S/s 39 68 74 MVA capacity 13,200 34,288 160 Circuit kms 23,000 45,545 76 Inter-regional 500 4,700 840 transfer capacity(MW) Export of Surplus 0 8,700 - Power from ER (MUs) Financial (Rs crs.) Net profit 236 760 222 Turnover 634 2,860 351

PERFORMANCE OF POWERGRID Operating world’s largest transmission network and maintaining availability of more than 98%. About 40% of the total power generated in the country wheeled through its network Rated “EXCELLENT” under MOU with MOP since 1993-94 Only PSU in the power sector to receive “The Prime Minister’s MOU Award” for four consecutive years i.e., for the years 1997-98 to 2000-01 Honoured with Prime Minister’s Shramvir Award

Demand - Supply Scenario – by 2012 Projected Peak Demand - 157,000 MW Capacity addition envisaged – In 10th Plan - 45,000 MW In 11th Plan - 55,000 MW (Approx. 10000 MW Capacity Addition per Year) Major Resources for Capacity Addition Hydro potential in J&K, HP & NER Coal potential in Bihar, Orissa Major Load Center – Bulk power need to be transferred from ER/NER to other deficit regions

LONG RANGE TRANSMISSION PLAN

Long Range Transmission Plan Uneven disposition of energy resources Major Hydro resources in NER & NR Coal reserves mostly in Bihar/Orissa/West Bengal Cost of power transmission (1.11 cents/kwh) lower than cost of fuel transportation (3.33 cents/kwh). Some Regions are no longer Self-sufficient Major resources in SR exhausted In NR, mainly hydro resources having long gestation period Unbalanced Growth of different Regions Some regions are surplus and some are deficit. Optimisation of generation capacity addition Utilising time diversity Spinning reserve optimisation

Development of National Grid Major Considerations Development in a phased manner – commensurate with generation/ load growth Conservation of Right-of-Way - especially in areas with scarcity of ROW ---- viz. area near hydro, chicken-neck area, forest area, town etc. Minimisation of transmission cost - immediate as well as long-term basis. Flexible enough to accommodate change in load-generation pattern.

Development of National Grid – Technological options 400kV AC Expertise available. Transfer capacity can be increased by – Application of latest technology viz FACTS --- also improves voltage regulation Increasing maximum conductor temperature from 75°C to 95°C --- increases thermal capacity by 1.5 times. Application of more number of conductors in a phase. 765kV AC Can carry power of the order of 2500 MW -- 4 to 5 times of 400kV Relatively less T&D loss Effectively less Right-of-Way required. Limitations: Less world-wide market Reactive power management difficult.

Development of National Grid – Technological options HVDC HVDC bipole suitable for point-to-point long distance bulk power transmission. So far HVDC bipole upto 3000 MW has been established. Provide better flexibility/ controllability in the system. Limitations: Economical only for long distance (1000 km or more) No tapping feasible in-between (multi-terminal HVDC is a solution --- due to high cost, justified only in specific cases) On techno-economic reasons, Hybrid System (combination of HVDC & 765/400kV AC lines) has been adopted for development of National Grid.

Plan for National Grid PHASE-I Interconnection of Regional Grids through HVDC Back-to-Back links - To take care of widely varied operational parameters Under Operation North – West: 500MW Vindhyachal Back-to-Back West – South: 1000MW Chandrapur Back-to-Back East – South: 500MW Gazuwaka Back-to-Back Under Construction East – North: 500MW Sasaram Back-to-Back Link between ER and NR is the last link of phase-I to be completed by Oct., 2002. With Completion of Phase-I, Cumulative Inter regional Capacity would be 4850 MW

Plan for National Grid PHASE-II (By 2007): High capacity “Transmission highways” envisaged along with major generation projects Highways already constructed Kishenpur - Moga 765 kV 2xS/c in J&K Kathalguri – Malda 400kV D/c in NER Hybrid HVAC and HVDC interconnection planned Implementation already commenced 2000 MW HVDC bipole between Talcher-Kolar bet. ER & SR 400kV AC link between Rourkela and Raipur bet. ER & WR High capacity 400 kV link from Tala to Delhi bet. ER & NR 2nd Gazuwaka HVDC back-to-back by 500MW bet ER & SR About 5000 ckt. km of 765 kV lines planned alongwith upcoming Mega projects in ER With the completion of Phase-II, the inter-regional capacity would be 23,000 MW

(Existing/New Approved Scheme) INTER- REGIONAL LINKS (Existing/New Approved Scheme) North-eastern Salakati Bongaigaon Birpara Malda Dehri Sasaram Sahupuri Allahabad Eastern Northern Belgaum Kolhapur Budhipadar Rourkela Korba Raipur Auraiya Malanpur Western Southern Balimela Upper Sileru Chandrapur Ramagundam Jeypore Gazuwaka Singrauli Vindhyachal 400kV 220kV 500MWWV 500MW 1000MWWV 220kVWV Existing Link Talcher Kolar 2000MW Legend HVDC back-to-back link HVDC bipole

Plan for National Grid PHASE-III (By 2012) : Strengthening of inter-regional link to have a ring of 765kV lines inter-connecting Northern, Western and Eastern Regions ER inter-connection with SR to be strengthened through HVDC lines (asynchronous link) Completion of Phase-III would lead to cumulative capacity of inter-regional link to 30,000 MW

Growth of Cumulative capacity of Inter-regional links

LOAD DESPATCH CENTRES

Unified Load Despatch & Communication For efficient, secured and reliable operation of the grid and inter-regional power exchange, POWERGRID has planned for Unified Load Despatch schemes in all five Regional Grids Northern Region : In operation Southern Region : In operation North-eastern Region: Under implementation - completion by June, 2003 Eastern Region: Under implementation - completion by Sept, 2003 Western Region: NIT to be issued – completion by January, 2005 Estimated Cost of above projects : US $ 470 million (Rs. 2170 Cr). National Load Despatch Schemeinter-connecting all the five ULDCs has also been planned Feasibility Report is under preparation Expected completion schedule – by 2007 Estimated Cost : US $ 54 million (Rs. 250Cr)

Hierarchical setup of Regional ULDC NLDC NATIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE NRLDC WRLDC ERLDC SRLDC NERLDC SLDC SLDC SLDC SLDC SLDC STATE LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE AREA LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE SUB LDC SUB LDC SUB LDC SUB LDC SUB LDC REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (AT SUB-STATIONS & GENERATING STNS RTU RTU RTU RTU RTU

DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH ASIAN GRID

South Asian Countries – Common Features Abundant reserves of Natural resources Low per capita electricity consumption Deficit of Power & Fast Growth in Demand Common frequency of operation Similar voltage class Talking Points: SAARC countries have abundant Reserves of Natural Resources Hydro Potential : India-84,000 MW, Nepal-83,000 MW, Pakistan-36,000 MW, Bhutan-21,000 MW, Bangladesh-52,000 MW, Gas Reserves : Bangladesh-40,000 bcf, India : 25,000 bcf, Pakistan-27,500 bcf Most of these resources are still unexploited. Per Capita electricity consumption in all the SAARC countries is low and in same regime (India 380, Pak 328, Sri Lanka 305, Bhutan 90 Bangladesh 68, Nepal 38 Kwh), where as other Asian countries like South Korea has: 4730, Malaysia: 2222, Japan: 7749 Kwh All the countries have a developing economy. Rate of growth of power demand is in the range of 8-9% while pace of generation addition is quite slow resulting in deficit of power in all the countires. Technical features of electrical grids of the SAARC countires are also similar, like all have same frequency of operation at 50Hz. Voltage levels of power transmission are also similar,( 132 kV existing in all countries, 220 kV in India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh and 400/500 kV in India and Pakistan)

South Asian Countries – Energy Resources India – Dominated by Coal Bangladesh – Dominated by natural gas Bhutan – High dependence on hydro Nepal – High dependence on hydro Pakistan – Largely petroleum and natural gas Sri Lanka – Dependence on petroleum

Exploitation of Resources - Options In order to capture benefits of resource sharing as experienced all over the world, Countries in South Asian Region should also move forward and explore feasibility of interconnections with each other. Large scale trading of coal and natural gas is limited due to constraints in its handling & transportation Hydel energy can be traded thru tr. network only Transmission of power is the only feasible solution for bulk exchange of energy

Why South Asian Grid ? Optimal Utilization of Natural Resources Opportunity of Energy Trading Economy of Scale Advantage of Peak diversity Minimization of Environmental Damages Talking Points: Although resources are abound, disposition is not even. SAARC grid will provide an opportunity for exploitation of resources in the most optimal manner. All the countries are in poor economic condition. Exploitation of these energy resources improve the economic health of the country. SAARC grid would provide an excellent medium for trading of these resources through exchange of electric energy, for example, setting up of Chukha HEP in Bhutan has resulted in significant economic gains for Bhutan. All SAARC countries except India have low quantum of electricity demand and hence setting up of large sized power plants has not become feasible. SAARC grid would would provide the economy of scale for development of large power plant in any country. For example, development of Tala HEP of 1000MW capacity in Bhutan would not have been feasible had Bhutan not been interconnected with India. Similarly, development of a 6000MW hydro power plant at Pancheswar in Nepal would be feasible only if power would exported out of Nepal. Ideally, Energy is best utilized when the demand is evenly distributed over the day. The Time diversity of peak demand of different countries can be best utilized by facilitating interconnection among countries. Optimal exploitation of resources shall minimize the Environmental Damage.

Feasibility of Interconnection India is centrally placed sharing boundaries with SAARC Countries. Vast Interconnected transmission network. Development of Strong National Grid on the Anvil. Talking Points: India being centrally placed, can facilitate interconnections at low cost. India has a vast transmission network with strong interconnections all over the country (described in the coming slides), which can facilitate transfer of power over long distances through displacement with minimal transmission losses and at a low cost. Development of a strong Indian National Grid is already under progress, which after completion would facilitate free flow of power from one corner to the other corner of the country. Details of the National Grid shall be described in the slides coming later.

Indian Initiative towards South Asian Grid Current Status Limited Energy trade based on bilateral agreements Power exchanges under governmental control Ongoing Power Exchange India and Nepal Over 16 links at 132/33/11 kV About 50 MW of power being exchanged Net export to Nepal (about 10% of demand of Nepal met through imports from India) Supply of free power from Tanakpur (India) to Nepal – 70MU/annum

Indian Initiative towards South Asian Grid Ongoing Power Exchange - India and Bhutan Interconnection established with Chukha HEP (4x84 MW) in Bhutan, built with Indian technical and financial assistance Chukha-Birpara 220kV 3 ckts. All surplus power from Chukha HEP (336MW) in Bhutan is exported to India. Presently, this constitutes 75% to 80% (1400 MU/year) of total power generated. Earning to Bhutan - Rs. 140 crs. Annually Part of this power re-imported through Bongaigaon-Geylegphug 132kV S/c line to Bhutan to meet radial loads close to Indian border. India getting cheap hydro power Kurichu HEP (4x15 MW) of Bhutan already connected to Indian Grid through Kurichu – Geylegphug – Salakati 132 kV line

South Asian Grid Future Propects

South Asian Grid - India and Nepal Nepal expected to be surplus in power by 2002 3 nos. 132kV lines under construction between India & Nepal Butwal(Nepal) – Anandnagar(India) Birgunj(Nepal) – Motihari(India) Dalkebar(Nepal) – Sitamarhi(India) Large potential projects being considered for development and export of power to India West Seti HEP 750 MW Arun HEP 685 MW Pancheshwar HEP 6,500 MW EHV transmission links planned for evacuation of power to India West Seti – Bareilly – Muradnagar 400 kV line Arun HEP – Muzaffarpur 400 kV line 400/765kV lines from Pancheshwar HEP to India

South Asian Grid - India and Bhutan Interconnection being established at 400kV level from Tala in Bhutan to Delhi in India for evacuation of power from Tala HEP(6x170MW) More hydro projects to come up in Bhutan Wangchu : 900MW Bunakha : 180MW Sankosh : 4060MW Power from these projects also to be imported by India

South Asian Gird - India and Bangladesh East Zone of Bangladesh(generation dominated) shares border with the Eastern Region of India Bangladesh can supply power to Eastern India West Zone of Bangladesh(load dominated) shares border with the North-Eastern Region of India India can supply power to Western Bangladesh 2 nos. of 220kV links,one at each side, initially envisaged for limited exchange of about 150 MW Krishnanagar(Eastern India)-Ishurdi(Western Bangladesh) Shahjibazar(Eastern Bangladesh)-Kumarghat(N-E India)

South Asian Gird - India and Bangladesh There are proposals to set up Gas projects by IPPs for selling power to India Scheme evolved for importing 1000 - 1500 MW power from Gas projects in Bangladesh Establishment of a S/s at Krishna Nagar in West Bengal through LILO of Farakka-Jeerat 400 kV D/c line Gen. station - Ishurdi (Bangladesh) 400 kV 2xD/c Ishurdi - Krishna Nagar (India) 400 kV 3 ckt. Krishna Nagar - Jamshedpur 400 kV D/c Jamshedpur - Rourkela 400 kV D/c

South Asian Grid – India and Pakistan Pakistan has surplus power of about 1500-2000 MW Discussions were held for exchange of power between India and Pakistan To start with, 220kV interconnection was envisaged for transfer of 300MW from Pakistan to India Dinanath – Firozpur 220kV line In the long term, HVDC interconnections was envisaged for bulk power exchange (upto 2000MW)

South Asian Grid – India and Myanmar Govt. of Myanmar had proposed to develop Tamanthi HEP (12x100MW) across the river Chindwin About 700 to 800 MW power from this project might be transferred to India Myanmar shares boundary with North-Eastern Region of India 400kV links proposed for evacuation of power into India Tamanthi – Badarpur – Misa – Siliguri line

South Asian Grid – India and Sri Lanka Proposal for interconnection of Sri Lanka with Southern Regional Grid of India under discussion Usage of HVDC bipole or HVDC back-to-back in conjunction with AC lines suggested

Issue to be addressed Technical Planning of Interconnections Firming-up the power availability ie. Quantum of power available for exchange Periodicity of availability/Allocation of firm power Identification of Reliability criteria Detailed system studies need to be conducted by participating countries, with following objectives Establishing the Feasibility of Interconnection Choice of Interconnection / Technology, considering – Right Of Way Cost Equipment Availability Reliability

Issue to be addressed Operation of Interconnection Establishment of Operation Code by the participating countries Commercial arrangements Pricing of power Payment Security Mechanism Terms for Indemnification for disruption of Transmission service Sharing of International Experience for Bulk Power Exchange

Issue to be addressed Legal arrangements Firming up of procedures for dispute settlement and Arbitration Applicability of Laws of Respective countries/ International Laws Institutional Arrangement Identification/ Creation of Common Agency to regulate, Administer and Operationalize the Interconnection on long term basis Establishment of Co-ordination Centres to Govern the Operational matters on Daily and Short Term basis

Issue to be addressed Financial arrangements Following are possibilities of funding arrangement Multilateral Funding Private Investment In either case following aspects are to be considered: Sale/ Purchase of Power on a sustained/ long term basis Security of Payment / Signing of Covenant Immunity to Political Changes and changes in Law

Thank You

SAARC Grid as Envisaged